上海中考英语专题冲刺专题八作文文档资料.docx

1、上海中考英语专题冲刺专题八作文文档资料2019年中考冲刺专题讲义（八）与当今“教师”一称最接近的“老师”概念，最早也要追溯至宋元时期。金代元好问示侄孙伯安诗云：“伯安入小学，颖悟非凡貌，属句有夙性，说字惊老师。”于是看，宋元时期小学教师被称为“老师”有案可稽。清代称主考官也为“老师”，而一般学堂里的先生则称为“教师”或“教习”。可见，“教师”一说是比较晚的事了。如今体会，“教师”的含义比之“老师”一说，具有资历和学识程度上较低一些的差别。辛亥革命后，教师与其他官员一样依法令任命，故又称“教师”为“教员”。 -写作唐宋或更早之前，针对“经学”“律学”“算学”和“书学”各科目，其相应传授者称为“博

2、士”，这与当今“博士”含义已经相去甚远。而对那些特别讲授“武事”或讲解“经籍”者，又称“讲师”。“教授”和“助教”均原为学官称谓。前者始于宋，乃“宗学”“律学”“医学”“武学”等科目的讲授者；而后者则于西晋武帝时代即已设立了，主要协助国子、博士培养生徒。“助教”在古代不仅要作入流的学问，其教书育人的职责也十分明晰。唐代国子学、太学等所设之“助教”一席，也是当朝打眼的学官。至明清两代，只设国子监（国子学）一科的“助教”，其身价不谓显赫，也称得上朝廷要员。至此，无论是“博士”“讲师”，还是“教授”“助教”，其今日教师应具有的基本概念都具有了。 【作文评分标准】单靠“死”记还不行,还得“活”用,姑且

3、称之为“先死后活”吧。让学生把一周看到或听到的新鲜事记下来,摒弃那些假话套话空话,写出自己的真情实感,篇幅可长可短,并要求运用积累的成语、名言警句等,定期检查点评,选择优秀篇目在班里朗读或展出。这样,即巩固了所学的材料,又锻炼了学生的写作能力,同时还培养了学生的观察能力、思维能力等等,达到“一石多鸟”的效果。 中考英语作文分为三大部分进行评分：内容8分，语言8分，组织结构分4分。（一）内容：7-8分：内容切题，意思连贯，表达清楚、完整。5-6分：内容基本切题，意思大致连贯，表达基本清楚、但不够完整。2-4分：内容不够切题，意思不够连贯，表达不够清楚、有些离题。0-1分：文不对题，表达不清。（二

4、）语言：词数：每少5个字扣0.5分，以此类推。只写出个别单词、词不成句不给分。拼写：每错扣0.5分，同一错误不重复计数。语法：同标点符号、大小写：每两处错误扣0.5分，但扣分总和不超过1分。（三）组织结构：内容充实、上下文连贯、用语规范、表达准确、无语法错误；词汇和句型句式运用恰当，多见好句型和习惯表达用语者，可给4-3分。内容充实、不写废话；上下文连贯、用语规范、表达准确、无或少见语法错误；词汇和句型句式运用恰当，多见好句型和习惯表达用语者，可给2分。一般情况下，内容和语言累计得分在15分以上者（含），方可得到1-2分组织结构分。内容和语言在15分以下者，如文中有值得肯定的好的句型和表达，可

5、酌情考虑给1分组织结构分。通篇句型、句式单一、词汇贫乏者，即使无语法错误，一般也不予给组织结构分。（四）词数：词数不足30个者，给分以8分为限；词数不足40个者，给分以11分为限；词数不足50个者，给分以14分为限；(以上3点应结合内容和语言各项综合考虑。)词数在5059个之间者，每少5个扣0.5分；只写出个别单词、词不成句者，则给0分。（五）划分等级：优秀学生作文：结构清晰、开头语与结尾语短小精悍、能使用精彩句或词语,这是平时训练有素之结果，即为A类作文。中等偏上学生作文：结构蛮清晰，但是句子中出现少许语法错误，即为B类作文。中等学生作文：结构上稍有欠缺，句中有少许语法错误，即为C类作文。中

6、等偏下学生作文：从结构上来说，阅卷者能看到学生所要表述的内容，但是语法错误铺天盖地，此类作文为D类作文。学困生作文：这些学生对于作文来说，一是看不懂，则无从下手，所以只能抄个题目，然后或是空着，或是写个拼音等等敷衍了事；二是有一部分学生纯粹是抄阅读理解中的句子，结果可想而知，只能以0分收场。此类0到4分作文为E类作文。结构议论文观点类:Recently there is such a heated discussion/topic about_作文题目_that opinions vary from person to person.A majority of people maintain

7、that _ 观点一_ for two reasons: In the first place, _原因一_.Furthermore, _原因二_. However, other people hold the idea that _观点二_. From their point of view, on the one hand， _原因一_. On the other hand, _原因二_. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw/reach/arrive at the conclusion that 重复观点/Accor

8、dingly/Consequently/As a result, it is not difficult to draw/reach/arrive at the conclusion that重复观点/ In a word/To sum up/ On the whole, I firmly support the view that _观点一或二_. It is not only because _, but also because _. The more _, the more _.议论文之利弊型Recently there is such a heated discussion/topi

9、c about_作文题目_that opinions vary from person to person.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in _题目议题_.It is widely believed there are several advantages as follows. Firstly， _优点一_. And secondly _优点二_. Just as the saying goes, every coin has two sides, _讨论议题_ is no exception. It still

10、has disadvantages. To begin with, _缺点一_. In addition, _缺点二_. To sum up, we should try to make full use of the advantages of _讨论议题_, and reduce the disadvantages at the same time. In that way, we will certainly make a better use of the _讨论议题_.现象说明文：Currently, the issue/phenomenon/problem of (food hea

11、lth).has been brought to public attention/The issue/problem/phenomenon of (food health) has arisen public attention/ comes to public attention/Recently _现象_has caused such wide public concern recent years（描述某件引起广泛关注的话题时）that we cant ignore its impact on our society.It is true that_. There are many r

12、easons explaining_. The main reason is_. Whats more_. Thirdly _.As a result _.To improve the situation, immediate action should be taken. For one thing_, for another_. In brief, I firmly believe that _记叙文或夹叙夹议一介绍：六大要素：既6Ws：时间（when）、地点（where）、人物(who )、事件（what）、原因（why）、结果 （how）。二、 提示要点：1. 叙述时应该有明确的叙述目

13、的，可以表达一个哲理，说明一个观点，弘扬一种美德，或者表达自己的情感。2. 选材要精当，选择那些最能表达主题的有说服力的材料。3. 记叙时切记不要泛泛描写，不可空洞笼统，要有细节的生动描写。三结构1. When speaking of/When it comes to_描述对象_（万能公式）2. 描述对象，described as ，is e.g. Microblog, described as a completely new form of communication, has now caught on quickly among teenagers by enabling the us

14、ers to update their latest status within just a few words. 3. The man, who is of few words/of average height, is my idol. （中间插入一定语从句）4. Rita, mother of five kids, bears the heavy burden of life with her thin shoulders.(使用同位语）5. Of all the people I know, perhaps none deserves my respect more than( Mi

15、ss Wang). 6. Of all( the teachers) I have ever known/met, (Miss Wang) is the one I respect/love most.7. Among various kinds of (sports), (football) is my fondest.8.Throughout my life, the most unforgettable thing Ive ever experienced is (a trip to Poland)图表作文图表作文通过图片或者表格来说明一种现象然后再进一步讨论所以只需在现象说明文前加上适

16、当的开头即可： 1. As can be seen clearly from the graph/table/chart, .(趋势描写/概括性描写） 2. As is shown in the graph/table/chart, .（趋势描写/概括性描写） 3. It is clear/obvious/apparent from the table/chart that. 4. The figures/statistics in the chart/table shows/indicates that. 批注：图表类作文一般第一句为趋势描写，或概括性描写。后面再具体描述图表，用必要数据作支

17、撑。提醒 学生把握细节描述的量。还要留空间给why与how) 题: 以上图表显示，学生的睡眠时间严重不足。 译文a: As is shown in the chart above, students are seriously short of sleeping time. 译文b: It is clear/obvious from the table above that students seriously lack sleeping time.写作技巧一:词汇篇：善用高级词汇，词组优先 勤奋的 hard-workingdiligent 聪明的cleverintelligent重要的imp

18、ortantessential 美丽的beautifulattractive开心的happydelightful 有害的badbe harmful to有意义的meaningful 独立的independent有责任的responsible 方便的convenient有必要的necessary认为thinkhold the viewpoint that 阻止 stopprevent from doing sth解决solvedeal with 给giveprovide with提高improvemake progress 期待expectlook forward to doing sth.尽力

19、trytry ones best to do 能够canbe able to do sth满意satisfybe satisfied with 使用usemake full use of扮演actplay an important part in 注意focuspay attention to doing sth二:活用多种句型基本句式：连接各类从句的连接词：时间状语从句：when, notuntil, as soon as目的状语从句：so that+clause; to do（为了）结果状语从句：sothat+clause, tooto do（太以至于）条件状语从句：if, unless（

20、除非）, as long as（只要）让步状语从句：though（尽管，不与but连用）, although（尽管，不与but连用）, even though(即使), even if（即使） no matter what/when/where/who/which/how （无论）比较：asas, not soas, than高级句式：结尾句式：1. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw/reach/arrive at the conclusion that （议论文较多） Accordingly/Consequently

21、/As a result, it is not difficult to draw/reach/arrive at the conclusion that. 题： 综上所述，我们可以得出结论电脑的利大于弊译文1：From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that computers do more good thanharm译文2：From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that the advan

22、tages of computersoutweigh the disadvantages. 2. In a word/To sum up/ On the whole, we should pay close attention to sth （议论文） 题：总而言之，我们应该密切关注日常用水问题。 译文1: In a word/To sum up, we should pay close attention to daily water. 3. Only in this way can we (have a bright future). (倒装句型， 可接承句型2） 题1：只有这样，缺水问题

23、才能得到改善 译文：Only in this way, can water shortage be improved. 题2： 只有这样，我们才能提高我们的学习能力。 译文：Only in this way, can we promote our learning ability. 批注：此句型，提醒下学生的语序问题，一般疑问句; 同样如果学生程度还不错，可以导入Only的其他倒装。 4. As long as .只要 (连词 后接句子 多种文体） 题1：只要我们每天坚持阅读一点点，阅读习惯一定能养成。 译文：As long as we insist on reading a little e

24、very day, we are bound to/are sure to get into a good habit of reading. 题2：只要压岁钱使用得当，这个传统可以一直传承下去。 译文：As long as lucky money is used in a proper and wise way, this tradition can continue everlastingly/forever.方法三:妙用关联词一、关联词1.表示并列或递进: and, as well as, bothand, whats more not onlybut also, neithernor2

25、.表示选择: or, eitheror3.表示转折: but, however, althoughthough, after all, anyway4.表示因果: because, so, therefore, since, for, as a result5.表示条件: if , unless6.表示对比: instead, notbut, while, in the same way, on the one handon the other hand7.表示解释: for example, for instance, such as, that is to say, in other wo

26、rds, to tell the truth8.表示顺序: to begin with, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next, later, since then, from then on, finally, in the end9.表示强调: also, besides, especially, actually, in fact10.表示结论: all in all, altogether, in a word, generally speaking, in short二、谚语1. Practice makes perfect.2. Thi

27、nk twice before you do.3. Where there is a will, there is a way.4. Do as the Romans do.5. The early bird catches the worm.6. Failure is the mother of success.7. It is no use crying over spilt milk.8. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.9. All roads lead to Rome.10. Never too old to learn. 11. A fri

28、end in need is a friend indeed.正文优化较高级较高级词汇 积累篇中我们学会了归纳近义词与近义表达，现在我们来训练使用这些“法宝”，让句子闪闪发光。优化谓语动词典型例题I used to like reading and writing poems at middle school.I used to take delight in/ be fond of reading and writing poems at middle school.【评析】使用动词短语替换like，不仅可以更加准确的表达作者的心情态度，更体现短语储备量和灵活运用能力。In our scho

29、ol, there are twentysix classrooms.Our school is made up of twenty-six classrooms.Our school consists of twenty-six classrooms.【评析】there be 句型为初中常用句型，尝试替换为动词短语，不仅可以体现学生的短语积累也体现学生对句型的灵活驾驭能力。The old photo made me think of my happy childhood.The old photo reminded me of my happy childhood.【评析】make sb t

30、hink是典型的中式英语，remind sb of 才是正确的表达方式。优化状语 You can find my house easily.You have no trouble/difficulty in finding my house .You can find my house without any difficulty 【评析】副词easily转换成谓语动词have no difficulty in doing 或 状语without any difficulty; 有名词组成的短语更能体现学生对于词汇的掌控和词汇积累程度。 Suddenly I thought of a good

31、 idea.All of a sudden, a good idea occurred to meA good idea suddenly struck me.【评析】suddenly 词汇过于简单、泛泛，用all of a sudden与occur搭配使用更准确的表达“突然性”。1. 我们班大部分学生都是近视眼。Most students in our class are near-sighted. The majority of the students in our class are short-sighted. 2. 我喜欢古典音乐。I enjoy classical music. I am interested in