英美文学史英国知识点汇总.docx

1、英美文学史英国知识点汇总英美文学期末复习 Chapter 1 The Old and Medieval Period 中古时期An Introduction ：v最早的英国居民：Celts vIn 43AD , Roman conquered Britain, making the latter a province of Roman Empire. 公元43年，罗马征服英国，将其变成罗马帝国的一个省份。 vIn 449 Jutes came to Britain to settle there. Following the Jutes came Angles and Saxons. 449年

2、，朱特人定居英国，紧跟着是安格鲁和撒克逊人。vGermanic means the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes.日耳曼族包括了安格鲁、萨克逊和朱特人。vAnglo-Saxon poetry is bold and strong, mournful and elegiac in spirit.安格鲁撒克逊诗歌大胆而有力，悲伤且忧郁。vThese tribes from Northern Europe together created the united kingdom-Anglo-Saxon England (Angle-land). 这些来自北欧的部落创

3、建了联合王国-安格鲁撒克逊英格兰 (in 449)vTheir dialects naturally grew into a single language called Angle-ish or English, the ancestor of the present-day English.他们的方言自然而然地成为了一种单一的语言-盎格鲁语或者英语。vThe old English were divided into two groups: religious group secular group古英语诗歌被分成两类：宗教 世俗vThe religious group is mainly

4、 on biblical theme.宗教诗歌通常以圣经为主题。vBeowulf is the greatest national epic poem.贝奥武夫是最伟大的民族史诗。v1066, Norman Conquest. 1066年，诺曼人征服英格兰。vNorman conquest of Anglo-Saxon England, under William, Duke Of Normandy after the battle of Hasting in 1066, accelerated the development of feudalism in England.诺曼人征服了安格鲁

5、撒克逊英格兰，在诺曼底公爵威廉的带领下，加速了英格兰的封建主义发展。vNorman Conquest established a feudal system in England.（Politically）诺曼征服在英格兰建立了封建主义体制。（政治上）vThe Rome-backed Catholic Church had a much stronger control over the country.（Religiously）受罗马支持的天主教堂权力超过了国家权力。（宗教上）vWith the Norman Conquest, the medieval period of English

6、literature started.随着诺曼征服，中世纪英语文学诞生了。vThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.诺曼人带来英格兰的文学以其光明、浪漫爱情故事和冒险著称。vRomance, which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, is popular literary fo

7、rm in the medieval period.那些使用叙述诗和三问来歌颂骑士冒险和其他英雄事迹的传奇文学，在中古世纪的文学中广受欢迎。vThe structure of Romance is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.传奇文学的写作结构：松散&插话式；语言：简朴&直接vThree major theme of Romance:传奇文学的三个主要主题：1The matter of France: about Charlemagne and his peer/knights 关于法国：查理曼大

8、帝和他的骑士2The matter of Greece and Rome: about Alexander the great and the Trojan War and the fall of Troy. 关于希腊罗马：亚历山大帝、特洛伊战争和特洛伊之衰亡3The matter of Britain: King Arthur and his Round Table Knight. 关于大不列颠：亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士vThe author of Sir Gawain and Green Knight is the one who produced the best romance of th

9、e period.高文爵士和绿衣骑士的作者创造了该时期最好的传奇文学。vOld English poetry was divided into two groups: The religious group & The secular group.中古世纪代表文学人物：Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower传奇文学的特点：The Nature of the Romance: 与贵族相关1）Themes: Loyalty to the king and the lord, which was the corner-stone of feuda

10、l morality. 2）The audience was of noble people from the court or the castle. 3）The Romance had nothing to do with the common people. 4）The Romance were written for the noble, of the noble and in most cases by the poets patronized by the nobleFolk Ballads 民谣A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrat

11、ive set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of British and Irish popular poetry and song from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later North America, Australia and North Africa. 歌谣是一种体裁，通常是音乐的一种叙述。从中世纪后期到19世纪，歌谣是英国和爱尔兰流行诗歌和歌曲的显著特征，并

12、且在欧洲被广泛使用，一直到后来的北美，澳大利亚，北非。Its stylistic features have derived from their oral nature: 民谣的文体风格源自于他们的口语性：1. the simple language; 简单的语言2. its wonderful story which deals only with the culminating incident or climax of a plot. 精彩的故事（只涉及情节的高潮和结局）3. its dominant mood or tone. 显著的情感基调和语调4. full use of hyp

13、erbole. 充满了夸张手法5. the use of refrains and other kind s of repetition. 使用了叠句或者是其他的重复Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟和坎特伯雷故事集Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400), Father of English poetry, founder of English realism, forerunner of English humanism, and the first great writer who wrote in English language杰弗里乔叟是英国诗歌之父,英国现

14、实主义的创始人，英国人文主义的先驱，是第一个用英语写作的伟大作家。He had three period in his literary career:在他的文学生涯中有三个阶段：The French period (The Book of the Duchess)法语时期：公爵夫人的书The Italian period (Troilus and Criseyde)意大利语时期：特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达The mature period (The Canterbury Tales)成熟时期：坎特伯雷故事集vHe established the rhymed couplet of 5 accent

15、s in iambic meter (the heroic couplet) in English poetry.在英语诗歌总，他在抑扬格中创建了五个重音的押韵对句（英雄双韵体）vHe wrote in Middle English, London dialect from which Modern English is descended.他用中世纪英语，伦敦方言进行创作，伦敦方言是现代英语的起源。His achievements:1.Forerunner of Humanism 人文主义先驱2.The founder of English Realism 英国现实主义创始人3.Father

16、 of English poetry (called by John Dryden)英国诗歌之父4.Master of English Language英语语言大师vheroic couplet 英雄双韵体（两行相互押韵、每行分五音步的）英雄偶句诗a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter and written in an elevated style.双韵体由两行押韵的五步抑扬格组成，以一种振奋的文体写作。iambic pentameter:五步抑扬格One iambic = one foot = soft l

17、oud. 一个抑扬格=一个音步=一个轻音+一个重音The Canterbury TalesIt depicts a rich, tapestry of medieval social life,combining elements of all classes, from nobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.坎特伯雷故事集描绘了一个丰富多彩的中世纪社会生活，结合了所有阶级元素，上至贵族、牧师和修女，下至工人、酒鬼和小偷。When The Canterbury Tales were written:

18、1386坎特伯雷故事集创作时间：1386.（真正静下心创作的时间）Planned: 120 tales 计划120个故事Completed: 22 and 2 fragments 实际完成22个故事和2个故事碎片Remaining: 80 manuscripts 遗留了80个手稿Variety of genres: general prologue is estates satire 题材多样：总序为讽刺Pilgrimage as a framing device for tales以朝圣为故事线序言：故事发生时间：Spring朝圣人数：30（加上Chaucer本人）Why did they

19、go there（朝圣目的）：1To seek the holy blissful martyr, quick2To give his help to them when they were sick.去拜谢恩泽万民的殉难圣徒，因为人们有病时他给予救助。修女形象：1. Based on Prioresss portrait, can you give a possible reason why she is undertaking this pilgrimage? 【课后题】基于对修道院院长的描述，你能说一下她为什么要参加朝圣吗？-She wants to look for the world

20、ly love. The sentences” Amor vincit omnia” means “Love conquers all”, which can shows the Prioress is a secular person and she doesnt give up the secular things at all.她想寻找世俗的爱。“Amor vincit all”这句拉丁文意思是：爱能征服一切。从这句话可以看出她是一个世俗的人并且无法完全放弃世俗的一切。Chaucer describes the prioress as an example of the basic hu

21、man paradox, which places what people are in opposition to what they think they are pretend to be.The portrait of the prioress dose seem to be a courtly heroine or romance rather than a nun.The mottoLove conquers all implies her double pilgrimage to the shrine of Venus and that of Christ.2. Do you t

22、hink the Prioress is portrayed by Chaucer as a perfect lady or a perfect nun?-A perfect lady3. Which detail suggest that the Prioress may be trying to appear more sophisticated than she really is?-The way she talks, the language she uses, her table manners and her courtliness.4. What seems to be the

23、 motives offered for the pilgrimage? In what ways are the season and the nature images important factors? 【课后题】1The motives offered for the pilgrimage is that the pilgrims long to seek the strange countries of distant saints and especially, they want to seek the holy martyr in Canterbury, who gave t

24、hem help when they were sick.2At the beginning of the poem, the poet introduces the best season of going pilgrimage by describing the sweet shower in April, which engenders flowers, the west wind, which blows upon the tender shoots, and the small birds in the warm sun, which are making melodies.3The

25、refore, the season and nature stimulate peoples desire to go pilgrimage and set the optimistic atmosphere. In these ways, they serve as the important factors for the poet to develop his narration of the stories.Chapter2 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期（the 14th century-mid-17th century. ）An Introductio

26、nRenaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. 文艺复兴标志着中世纪到现代世界的过渡。It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. 文艺复兴起源于14世纪的意大利，并逐渐传遍整个欧洲。The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. “文艺复兴”一词意味着重生/复兴。In essence, it is a historical p

27、eriod in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities

28、本质上，文艺复兴是欧洲人文主义思想家和学者尝试去摆脱中世纪欧洲那些旧封建思想并引入表达新兴资产阶级利益观点、取消罗马天主教会对所有地区的限制的一个时期。The Renaissance originally refers to the revival of classical arts after the dark ages.文艺复兴起初指的是古典文学的复兴。Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival: 1. new discoveries in geography and astrology 2. the reli

29、gious reformation and economic expansion 3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureClassic Arts: Greek/Roman/Latin.Two features of renaissance: 1. It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form. 对古典文学的好奇2

30、. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. 注重人本身The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, associated with a red rose, and the

31、House of York, whose symbol was a white rose.玫瑰战争：the house of York and the house of Lancaster.The final victory went to a relative and claimant of the Lancastrian party, Henry Tudor, who defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. The rule of Tudor.战争最后是Lancaster家族赢得王座。亨利三世建立都铎王朝。Humanism

32、 is the key-note of the Renaissance. 人文主义是文艺复兴的关键。It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class.文艺复兴反映了新兴资产阶级的新展望。 Humanists emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life and believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but