翻译过程理解与表达.docx

1、翻译过程理解与表达主题：翻译过程：理解与表达（注意最后是翻译练习啊！） The Process of translation According to Nida, difference in translation can generally be accounted for by three basic factors in translating: (1) the nature of the message, (2) the purpose or purposes of the author and, by proxy, of the translator, and (3) the typ

2、e of the audience. (Nida, 1964: 156)奈达：分析、传译、重组、检验The four basic processes in translating consist of (1) analysis of the source text, (2) transfer from source to target language, (3) restructuring in the target language, and (4) testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended

3、audience.（Nida, 2001: P. 108)中国传统方法：理解、表达、审校理解与翻译理解是语义辨析、语法分析和逻辑分析相互交叉的过程。语义辨析就是识别词语的本义和喻义、搭配意义和情感意义、语法意义和语用意义等。语义辨析1.根据词义搭配确定词义吃官司(be bought to court)吃回扣(accept a kickback)吃馆子(eat out; dine out)吃亏(suffer losses)吃枪子 (be hit by a bullet)吃得开 (be popular)吃闲饭 (unemployed and without income)吃香 (popular)(

4、1) 老战士 (2) 老领导 (3) 老师傅 (4) 老闺女 (5) 老黄牛 (6) 老芹菜 (7) 老皇历 (8) 老生常谈 (1) 老战士 a veteran (2) 老领导 a senior leader(3) 老师傅 a master craftsman(4) 老闺女 the youngest daughter(5) 老黄牛 a willing ox(6) 老芹菜 overgrown celery(7) 老皇历 last years calendar(8) 老生常谈 commonplace申请书 报告书协议书成绩通知书（使用）说明书旅行委托书成交确认书电视机使用说明书白皮书家书无巧不成

5、书letter of application; report; agreement; grade report; direction; booking form; sales confirmation; television operation guide; white book; a letter from home; no coincidence, no stories2.根据词类确定词义留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。As long as green mountains exist, there will be no shortage of firewood.While there is lif

6、e, there is hope.事在人为 Human effort is the decisive factor.父母都在 Both parents are still around.事情发生在去年。It happened last year.3. 根据语境判断词义青出于蓝而胜于蓝青布the indigo blue is bluer than the plant it comes from-the pupil surpasses the master The new coming from the old is better than the old. 4. 根据专业和场合确定词义沙眼管子有

7、沙眼 (small whole)眼睛患有沙眼病 (trachoma)语法分析 表层结构逻辑分析 深层含义“打扫卫生”“养病”“吃食堂”“救火”“修复皱纹”（眼霜）你不去我去“你去哪？吃饭没？”（功能分析）利用语法知识分析语句意义这本书我读了三天了。这本书我读了三天。利用逻辑知识分析语句内在逻辑明枪易躲，暗箭难防。（转折）It is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.)路遥知马力，日久见人心。（并列）As a long road tests a horses

8、 strength, so a long task proves a persons heart.)人无远虑，必有近忧。If a man takes no thought about what is distant, he will find sorrow near at hand.)从语义和行文的角度对汉语流水句进行断句汉语流水句这一生动说法是吕叔湘先生提出来的，他曾指出，“汉语口语里特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连” (吕叔湘，1979：27)。 这种句式汉译英的要点是理清其语义和关系,加以拆译,添加必要连接词语以体现英语句子之间逻辑关系的显性连接和汉语的隐性连贯. He

9、was a handicapped child， but he persevered in his studies， and later he became a well-known scholar他身残志坚，坚持学习，后来成为有名得学者。When Chou En-lais door opened they saw a slender mall of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautifu1(Agnes Smedley：The Grea

10、t Road)周恩来的房门打开了。他们看到一位身材修长的人，比普通人略高，目光炯炯，面貌引人注目，称得上清秀。通过语境对汉语歧义句进行分析父在母先亡。教师的平均工资应当不低于或高于国家公务员的平均工资水平。怎样理解原文？一、要理解原文语句的内部关系二、要理解特殊语言现象的特殊含义：三、要结合上下文语境进行理解四、要通过吃透词语含义进行理解五、要明确词语的具体指代进行理解六、要理解词语不同用法时的不同含义七、要注意省略和替代部分的理解怎样表达译文？一、要摆脱原文语句结构的影响二、要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义三、要充分运用汉语独特的表达优势四、要完整无遗地传达原文的意义五、遣字造句要结合和借鉴语景六

11、、要善于运用各种翻译技巧 怎样理解原文？德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss说：Translating requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic and text-pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original texts.（翻译过程要求译者在句法、语义、文体和语篇语用各方面对原文的进行理解。）一、要理解原文语句的内部关系：【例34】 He ate his savory, and hurried the maid as she swept the crumbs.他一边吃着最后的一

12、道消食小吃，一边催促女佣人赶快打扫碎屑。【译文】 他吃完最后的一道消食小吃，在女佣人打扫碎屑时，催她快一点。【例35】 Derek fancies himself as a ladies man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking.德里克自以为是讨女人喜欢的人，可是为了讨我喜欢，他却花很多时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。【译文】 德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人，可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。二、要理解特殊语言现象的特殊含义：【例36】 John is now with hi

13、s parents in New York; it is three years since he was a high school teacher in Washington.【例37】 She didnt attend the meeting because she wanted to. 三、要结合上下文语境进行理解：No context, no text.Each word when used in a new context is a new word.狭义上下文：一个词或句子前后的词或句子。广义上下文：整篇文章整本书，甚至包括与某个词或句子有关的历史背景，文化背景，风土人情，等等。

14、【例44】 Managers face a host of new business realities, such as changing patterns of employment that include an explosion of outsourcing and new alliances.管理人员面对的是商界前所未有的种种现实，诸如就业的模式不断变化 包括外购、重组等现象的猛增。【译文】 管理人员面对的是商界前所未有的种种现实，诸如企业用工方式的不断变化，包括大幅度增加外部采办和新建联产单位。四、要通过吃透词语含义进行理解：【例45】 While many women are

15、comfortable being close and sharing secrets, men often struggle to express their emotions in relationship with other men.【例46】 On the drunken occasion in question, I was insufferable about liking you, and not liking you. I wish you would forget it.五、要明确词语的具体指代进行理解：【例51】 Heaven bless you, my child, s

16、aid she, embracing Amelia, and scowling the while over the girls shoulder at Miss Sharp. Come away, Becky, said Miss Jemima, pulling the young woman away in great alarm.六、要理解词语不同用法时的不同含义：【例54】 Anyone who doubts that global financial markets control national economies need only look at the crisis fac

17、ing the tigers of the Far East.任何认为全球金融市场未必能左右国民经济的人，只须环视一下笼罩着远东“四小龙”的那场金融危机。【译文】 无论是谁，如果认为世界各国金融市场未必能控制各国经济，只须看一看远东地区的“四小龙”所面临的这场金融危机就明白了。七、要注意省略和替代部分的理解：【例56】 Has he sold his collection yet?He has some of the paintings; Im not sure about the rest.“他的藏画全都卖了吗？” “他有一些画，其他的我说不准。”【译文】“他的藏画全都卖了吗？” “有一部分

18、画他已经卖了，其他的我说不准。”【例59】 We are human and human beings are far from perfect. To be human implies that we will make mistakes. But its more than that we feel human. We now feel entitled.【译文】 我们是凡人，而凡人远非十全十美。作为凡人就是说我们会犯错误。但是，我们觉得自己是凡人不仅仅由于我们会犯错误。我们如今感到有权利犯错误。怎样表达译文？一、要摆脱原文语句结构的影响二、要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义三、要充分运用汉语独特

19、的表达优势四、要完整无遗地传达原文的意义五、遣字造句要结合和借鉴语景六、要善于运用各种翻译技巧一、要摆脱原文语句结构的影响：【例63】 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.对历史研究方法的兴趣较少来自于把历史作为一门学科的有效性的外界挑战，而更多来自于历

20、史学家们内部的争论。【译文】 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。【例64】 Distance from the event should make the memories less painful.事件的久远自然会减少回忆的痛苦。【译文】 时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。二、要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义：【例67】 Like my friend, I now have an alternative to complaining. When Im bored with my life, I take my pencils ou

21、t in the back yard and doodle for an hour, trying to sketch trees that look like trees.就像我的朋友一样，我现在有了一种代替抱怨的东西。当我对生活感到厌倦时，我就拿出铅笔到后院去心不在焉地乱涂一个小时，试图画出看上去像树的树木速写。译文】 同有位朋友一样，我现在不再抱怨，而是去做一些别的事情。在生活中感到厌倦时，我就拿起铅笔，到后院里随便涂鸦个把小时，画画树林的速写，尽量画得看上去像是树林。【例68】 His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty o

22、f the night.他的烦恼经不起安静的良宵美景的感染力。【译文】 更深夜静，美景宜人，他的烦恼不禁烟消云散。三、要充分运用汉语独特的表达优势【例72】 Whatever you like to eat, just tell me.【例73】 Even if you go there, there wouldnt be any result.【例78】 Foreign intervention will thus find justification.四、要完整无遗地传达原文的意义【例83】 Any person not leaving litter in this basket will

23、 be liable to a fine of 5.【例84】 At the sight of Napoleon, the young Frenchman clicked his heels together.五、遣字造句要结合和借鉴语景【例85】 If a heavy body is to be lifted to a certain height, work must be done, or energy expended, equal to the weight of the body multiplied by the height through which it is raised

24、.【例89】 That the vitamin is sensitive to light was recognized only later.维生素感光只是后来承认的。【译文】 人们只是到后来才认识到维生素的光敏作用。六、要善于运用各种翻译技巧：Diction(选词用字)Amplification(增益)Omission(省略)Conversion(转换)Repetition(重复)Restructuring(词序调整)Negation(正说反译，反说正译); Division(长句拆译).1理解与表达It is an order from President Bush/ I dont ca

25、re if it is from bush, tree, or grass.这是布什总统的命令，管他什么布什，布头儿，布片儿，我才不在乎呢。The old mans heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl.这位老人一看到这颗珍珠高兴得连心都跳不过来。A good dancer never missed a beat.善于跳舞的人从不漏跳一拍（总能跟上节拍/总能采对步点。）If we dont hang together, they shall hang us separately.咱们要是不摽到一块儿，保准会吊到一块儿。我们不紧紧团结一致，必然一个个

26、被人绞死。我们必须共赴沙场，否则就得分赴刑场。It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.世间有这样一条公认的真理，凡财产丰富的单身汉势必缺少太太。She is pregnant/ she is very pregnant. 她怀孕有段时间了。Gonna fight with me? Tellem I am ready for it. I am always ready for it.想和我打架？告诉他们我奉

27、陪，我随时奉陪。He was glad because he couldnt have to send me away without buying anything.他总能买点什么让我带走，这令他很高兴。The market in China is an almost bottomless pit.中国的市场几乎是个无底洞。/ 中国的市场无限巨大。2切不可望文生义If not: possibly, perhapsIn Europe, Hitlers name was well known, if not a household word.在欧洲，希特勒的名字纵使不是家喻户晓，也很响亮。/ 在

28、欧洲，希特勒的名字广为人知，也可以说家喻户晓。Such a mistake could cost us thousands, if not millions of pounds.这种失误能够造成我们几千磅，或许几百万磅的损失。Not to say: indeed or possibly, even It is warm, not to say hot. 天气很暖和，甚至有点儿热。The answer is illogical, not to say totally wrong.答案不合逻辑，甚至是完全错误的。It would be unwise, not to say stupid to le

29、ave your first job after only six months. 初次工作刚六个月就想辞掉它，这样做很不明智，甚至可以说很愚蠢。3. 习惯与表达Anna was thin and black, a very umbrella of a woman.安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人，上身粗大，下身细长。简直像一把雨伞。 改正：安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人，活像一把细长的黑雨伞。Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract from more than a decade. 十多年来，失业一直顽固地拒绝压缩（F）/ 失业人数总是减不下来，已经十

30、多个年头了。正确理解下列短文，并将其译成汉语One of my favourite moments of the day is among the last - the last conscious one, anyway. After several attempts at keeping my eyelids from fluttering closed and the book from collapsing onto my chest, I know it really is time to go to sleep. I affectionately place the book on

31、 the bed beside me. We sleep together, me and my book, me and those characters, me and my mixed-up dreams.Reading in bed seems to run in families. The last time my mother babysat for me, I got home to find the house dark except for two small lights. One came from my sons room, where I discovered the eight-year-old holed up under the covers with Goosebumps and a flashlight. At the other end of th