句子结构.docx

1、句子结构句子结构句子的基本结构有三个:简单句,并列句,复合句.【知识体系】简单句：句子只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示。简单句的五种结构1. S+V 主+谓此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如: He laughed.John read widely.He lives in London.2. S+V+O 主+谓+宾此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。如:Our team beat all the others.3. S+V+P 主+系+表此句型的特点是:谓语

2、动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有:be(是),become(成 为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起 来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等。如:The rose smells sweet.4. S+V+INO+DO 主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语此句型的特点是:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加

3、介词for或to.可跟双宾语的动有:answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell,write等。如:Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua?5. S+V+O+OC主+谓+宾+宾补此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词

4、短语等。如:We must keep our school clean. They made him their monitor.【题型体系】1. 事故是昨天晚上发生的。 _2. 这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_.3. The fact _ _. 这个事实证明是正确的。4. 我昨天看了一部电影。_.5.The boss made him do the work all day. _.【知识体系】并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词and, but, for, so, or等或分号连在一起构成的句子,叫并列句.这些简单句平行并列，而且同等重要，能够独立成句。连接分句的有并列连词和主从连词。并列连词：

5、and, but, or, nor, for, whereas, while, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut(also).主从连词：so, therefore, however, still, yet, then等。并列句中的前后两句可以根据意思或分为四种关系。（1）同等关系用连词and, not onlybut also, neithernor或者用逗号，有时也用分号连接两个简单句，构成并列句。如：He could neither read nor writeHe not only studies hard, but also likes sports.

6、（2）转折关系 用连词but, yet, still, while, when连接两个句子时，前后两句为转折关系。如：Tom was not there but his brother was (there).There was no news, nevertheless, she went on hoping.（3）选择关系用连词or, eitheror，连接两个句子时，前后两句为选择关系。如：Either you didnt understand this, or you were not careful enough（4）因果关系for, so.用连词for, so连接两个句子时，前后两

7、句为因果关系。如：He hurried, for it was getting dark.He liked the book very much, so I gave it to him【题型体系】1. I help him_ he helps me. We help each other .A. but B. and C. or D. though 2. Some of us would like to act the story _ it isnt finished yet.A. but B. and C. though D. so 3. The teacher came in, _ th

8、e students stood up and said, Good morning, teacher. A. while B. and C. but D. for4.-I dont like singing _ dancing, what about you. -I dont like dancing, _ I like singing songs. A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or; and5. It must have rained last night, _ the ground is still wet.A. for B. and C.

9、 or D. though 6. Be quick, _ youll be punished.A. or B. and C. but D. for7. Something went wrong with my bike this afternoon, _ I walked home.A. but B. and C. though D. so 复合句复合句：复合句包含两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构是句子的主体，称为主句；另一个或几个主谓结构不能独立存在，只能作为句子的一个成份，称为从句，如宾语从句，状语从句等。所有从句的语序均为陈述语序。She said (that) she missed

10、 us very much. 她说她非常想念我们。(宾语从句)Can you tell me where the bus-stop is？ 请告诉我公共汽车站在哪儿，好吗？(宾语从句)It was raining when I went to school yesterday. 昨天我上学的时候，天正在下雨。(时间状语从句)We could not drink the milk because it was too hot. 牛奶太烫，喝不下去。(原因状语从句)If you want to be a college student, you must study harder. 如果你想成为大

11、学生，你必须更加努力学习。(条件状语从句)He ran so fast that I couldnt keep up with him. 他跑得很快，我赶不上他。(结果状语从句)He spoke in a loud enough voice so that everybody might hear. 他大声地说话，以便每个人都能听见。(目的状语从句)This text is as instructive as that one. 这篇课文和那篇一样具有教育意义。(比较状语从句)A truck goes faster than a bike. 卡车比自行车跑得快。(比较状语从句)than 引导的

12、比较状语从句常常省去与主句中相同的部分，只留下不相同的部分。初中阶段学习的复合句有: 宾语从句，定语从句，状语从句。【知识体系】宾语从句的定义：在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。注意所有宾语从句语序均为陈述语序。eg, He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语)He asks him how long Mike has been down . (动词宾语)Miss Zhang is angry at what you said. (介词宾语)【题型体系】1. Excuse me. Could you tell me

13、? It will leave at 4:00 p.m. A. how will you go Shanghai B. how you will go to Shanghai C. when will the bus leave for Shanghai D. When the bus will leave for Shanghai【2011湖北武汉】2. - Can I join you？- Sure, we are talking about _.A. when shall we go to the movieB. how can we go thereC. who should we g

14、o withD. why we like the movie【2011苏州】3.Can you tell me how many colors _ in a rainbow? Seven.A. there are B. are there C. they are D. are they 【2011四川成都】4. Could you tell me ?Hes a bank clerk.A. who your father is B. what your father does C. where your father works5. I dont know the girl in red. Co

15、uld you tell me _? A. what is her name B. how old is she C. who is she D. where she comes from6. Could you please tell me ? Tomorrow morning. A. how I can get to the post office B. how long can I keep the book C. when to leave for Beijing D. where I should take the early bus 7. Do you know _? Next S

16、unday. A. what they will do B. where they will do C. when they will come here D. who they will meet【2011山东潍坊】8. I cant understand _ Apples iPad 2.A. why are they so mad about. B. why they are so mad aboutC. how are they so mad about D, how they are so mad about 【知识体系】宾语从句的时态 1）.当主句为一般现在时态、现在进行时态、或一般

17、将来时态时，从句可用所需要的任何时态。 eg: I want to know what time he got up this morning.You are telling me that you wont stop until tomorrow?2). 当主句为一般过去时态时， 从句要用于过去有关的时态。eg:They asked what Jean was doing now .Linda said that the train had left.3). 当从句表述的是客观真理或自然现象时，宾语从句要使用一般现在时。eg :Lis a asked whether light travel

18、s faster than sound. Polly said no news is a good news【题型体系】1. Could you tell me _? You can take No. 16 bus. A. how can we get to the Olympic Park B. how we can get to the Olympic Park C. how did we get to the Olympic Park D. how we got to the Olympic Park 2.-What did your teacher say this morning?

19、-She asked me this morning. A. how did Tom come to school B. why was Tom late for schol C. when Tom would get to school D. what will Tom do at school【2011广东】3. The teacher asked us _. A. when did I finish my work B. why didnt we tell him about it earlier C. what we were interested in D. where we are

20、 going to have our lunch4. Do you know _ this time yesterday? - Sorry, I dont know. A. what she is doing B. what was she doing C. what she was doing5.I cant find Mary. Wheres she? Sorry, I dont know _.A. where has she been B. where she has beenC. where has she gone D. where she has gone6. He said th

21、at light _much faster than sound. A. has travelled B. went C. travels D. travelled【2011宁夏】( )7. Bob asked me_ .A. what was she doing B. what is she doingC. what she was doing D what she is doing8. Professor Lees book will show you in other fields.A. how it can be used B. when can it be used C. where

22、 be used it D. which can be used it【2011山东】9. - What did the teacher say to you just now? - She asked _.A. where did I learn English B. where I learned EnglishB. where do I learn English C. where I learn English10. Franklin told them all _ to be in Britain again.A. he was how happy B. how happy he w

23、as C. how was he happy D. he was happy how11. Mary, could you tell me if your mother _ our school sports meeting tomorrow?I think she will come to school if she _ free. A. will take part in; will be B. takes part in; is C. will take part in; is D. takes part in; will be12.Mum, can we go to the art m

24、useum tomorrow? Sure. But first we should find out _. A. what can we do B. where we can go C. how can we go there D. if it will be open13. Yesterday a reporter asked 10 students at Hilltop School _last weekend. A. what did they do B. what were they doing C. what they did14. I dont know if she to my

25、birthday party tomorrow. If she , Ill be very happy.A. comes; comes B. will come; comes C. comes; will come【2011重庆】15. The woman asked the policeman where _.A. the post office is B. the post office wasC. is the post office D. was the post office16. The policeman asked the small girl _ A. why she was

26、 crying B. why was she crying C. why she is crying D. why is she crying 17. Excuse me, I lost my way. Will you please tell me _? A. where am I B. where I am C. where you are D. where are you18. Allen wanted to know _ after it got out of the UFO. A. what is the alien doing B. what the alien would do

27、C. where would the alien go D. where the alien is going19.This morning my mother asked me_.A. why he is not here B. where Julia went last weekendC. what time is it D. how did my brother do it【2011广西柳州】20.Could you tell me _ the party? Next Friday. A. where we are going to have B. when we are going t

28、o have C. when we were going to have【知识体系】宾语从句的引导词宾语从句的引导词有三类：1) 以that 引导的宾语从句，主要用来引导句形式的宾语从句， that可以省略。eg, The radio says (that) the clouds will lift later on.She told me (that) she would like to go with us.2) 以连接代词which, what, who等或连接副词how, where, why 等引导的宾语从句，从句是陈述语序eg, Could you tell me whats th

29、e matter with you?I want to know how soon it will begin.3)以 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句, 作“是否”讲，常放在动词ask 、see 、say 、know和find out等后面.主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序。eg:Nobody knows whether (if) it will rain tomorrow. 没有人知道明天是否下雨。 Lucy asked whether (if) they had a cotton sweater .露西问他们是否有棉制的羊毛衣。 一般情况下

30、，whether 和if 可以互用， 但有些情况例外。A 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如： I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 B 在whether or not 的固定搭配中。如： I want to know whether its good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。 C 在介词后，只能用whether。如： His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。 D宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。如：