公共管理学完整版英文翻译XN.docx

1、公共管理学完整版英文翻译XNChapter 2课本第一章An Era of Change改变的年代、时代Introduction引言There has been a transformation（转化、变革） in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries. 在发达国家的公共部门的管理已经有了一个变革。This new paradigm poses（形成，造成） a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundament

2、al principles of traditional public administration. 这个新的范例对几个原先被认为是传统公共行政的基础规则提出了直接挑战。These seven seeming verities（真理） have been challenged.这几个真理被挑战。Economic problems in the 1980s meant governments reassessed（重新评估） their bureaucracies and demanded changes. 1980s的经济问题意味着政府重新评估他们的官僚制并且需要改变。All these p

3、oints will be discussed at greater length（长度） later, but the main point is there has been total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years.这些观点会在以后做更大范围的讨论，但是这里强调的主要是一点：一百年来很少发生变革的公共职业领域发生了全面变革。A new paradigm一个新的范例There is some debate over whether or not public managemn

4、et, particularly the new public management, is a new paradigm for public sector management.有个争论，关于公共管理尤其是新的公共管理是不是公共部门管理的一个新的范例。 Some argue that a paradigm is a large hurdle（障碍） to jump, requiring agreement among all a disciplines(学科，纪律) practitioners-a more or less permanent way of looking at the w

5、orld 一些争论认为一个范例是一个要跨越的大障碍，需要所有学科的实践者的同意，或多或少是看待世界的暂时方法。 The basic paradigms for public sector management are those following from Ostroms(1989)argument that there are two opposing forms of organization: bureaucracy and markets. 基本的公共管理部门的范例是这些遵循奥斯特罗姆的争论，即组织有两种对立的类型：官僚组织和市场组织。To Behn,the traditional

6、model of administration qualifies as a paradigm; as he continues, certainly,those who support traditional public administration would argue that they have a “discipline（学科、纪律）”, complete（完整的） with” theories, laws, and generalisations”, that focus their research (Behn,2001,p.231).对本来说，传统行政模型适合被看做一种范式

7、。他继续说，当然，那些支持公共传统行政的人会争论说他们有纪律，带有完整的理论、法律和普遍原理，专注于他们的研究。The public management paradigm has the very different underlying（潜在、含蓄、隐晦的） theoretical bases of economics and private management. 公共管理里范式有着很不同的潜在的理论基础，即经济理论和私营部门理论。 However, it is not the case that at one point in time everyone in the discipli

8、ne decided that the traditional public administration paradigm had been superseded; it is more the case that paradigms change gradually. 然而，这不是说这个学科的所有学者都认为传统公共行政范例已经被取代，范例是逐渐改变的这样一个事实。The emergence of a new approach 一种新方法的出现By the beginning the 1990s,a new model of public sector management had emer

9、ged in most advanced countries and many developing ones.在1990s初期，在大多数发达国家和很多发展中国家一个新的公共部门管理模型出现了。In the United Kingdom there were reforms in the 1980s,such as the widesperad privatization of public enterprises and cuts to other parts of the public sector during the Thatcher government.在英国撒切尔执政时期，出现了

10、改革，比如公共企业的民营化、精简公共部门。In the United States,a key event was the publication（出版） in 1992 of Reinventing （彻底改造）Government by Osborne and Gaebler (1992).在美国一个关键事件是Osborne and Gaebler 所写的彻底改造政府的出版。International organizations,notably the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OEC

11、D) and,to a lesser extent（程度、范围） the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) became inerested in improving the public management of their member and client nations:The public management committee(PUMA)at the OECD took a leading role in the public management reform process.国际组织特别是法国为基础的O

12、ECD，较小范围的世界银行和IMF开始对提高自己的成员国和客户国家公共管理感兴趣：在OECD内的PUMA在公共管理改革过程中起了领导作用。This provides a reasonable（合理的） summary of the process of managerial （管理的）reform,although,as we shall see in Chapter 3 in discussing the various formulations（构想，规划） of different theorists;in the early days of reform there was littl

13、e commonality（公共，共性，平民） in views of what was involved.While there have been striking similarities in the reforms carried out in a number of countries(see Chapter 14),it is argued here that the greatest shift is one of theory rather than practice.尽管许多国家的改革有很多惊人的相似，但这里争论的是理论转型而非实践转型。Administration and

14、 management 行政和管理 It is argued here that administration is a narrower and more limited function than management and,in consequence,changing from public administration to public management means a major change of theory and of function.这里争论的是行政是比管理更狭义更限制的功能，因此，公共行政向公共管理的转变是理论和功能的主要改变。.The Oxford Dict

15、ionary defines administration as : an act of administering,which is then to manage the affairs of or to direct or superintend（监督、管理） the execution（执行、实行）,use or conduct of,while management is : to conduct,to control the course of affairs by ones own action,to take charge of.哈佛字典这样定义行政：一种管理行为，管理事务或者直

16、接的或者监督执行，使用或者管理。而管理则是:执行，通过一个人的行为控制事物的过程，负责。 From these various definitions it is argued that administration essentially involves following instructions（指示，命令） and service,while management involves:first,the achievement of results,and secondly,personal responsibility by the manager for results being

17、 achieved从这些多种多样的定义可以看出，行政包括服从命令和服务，而管理包括：第一是结果的实现，第二是管理人对于获得结果的个人责任Similarily,the wordsmanagementand managerhave been increasingly used within the public sector.类似地，管理和管理者这两个词越来越多地应用在公共部门中。These changes of title are not superficial.这些标题的改变是表面的、敷衍的Public administration and public management 公共行政和公共管

18、理It followsthat a public service based on administrative concepts will be different from one based on management and there aer continuing and unresolved tensions between the two views.分析得出以行政概念为基础的公共服务和以管理为基础的公共服务是不同的，二者之间有着悬而未决的紧张关系。The term public adminitration always referred to the study of the

19、public sector,in addition to being an activity and a profession.公用行政这个词经常用来指公共部门的研究，另外还是一项活动和一个职位。Rosenbloom(1986)argues that public administration is the use of managerial, political,and legal theories and processes（处理） to fulfil legislative（立法的，有立法权的）,executive（行政的，经理的） and judicial （公正的）governmen

20、tal mandates（授权、命令） for the provision（规定，条款） of regulatory（管理的，控制的） and service functionsfor the society as a whole or for some segments of it. Rosenbloom 指出：公共行政是对管理的、政治的、合法的理论的应用，In genral, public administrationrefers here to the academic study of the public sector.总的来说，公共行政这里指的是公共部门的经济研究。Administ

21、ration and management are argued here to have conceptual differences and adding the word public to them should reflect these differences.这里提到的行政和管理有着概念上的不同，在他们前面加上公共这个词可以反映这些不同。Imperatives of change变革的紧迫问题 The changes in the public sector have occurred as a response to several interrelated （相关的，互相联系

22、的）imperatives（命令的，祈使句）:first,the attack on the public sector;secondly,changes in economic theory; thirdly,the impact of changes in the private sector,particularly globalization （全球化）as an economic force;and,fourthly,changes in technology.公共部门的改变作为几个相关的祈使句的回应发生了：第一，对公共部门的冲击，第二，经济理论的改变；第三，私人部门改变的影响，特别

23、是作为经济力量的全球化；第四，科技的改变。The attack on the public sector 对公共部门的抨击In the early 1980s there were wide-ranging attacks on the size and capability of the public sector.在1980s早起，在公共部门的规模和能力上有大范围的冲击There were three main aspects to the attack on government. 对政府的冲击主要有三个方面。 The ideological（思想的，意识形态的） fervour （热情

24、）of attacks on the role of government,and efforts to reduce its size,faded somewhat in the late 1990s.对政府角色的冲击的思想热情以及减少规模的努力在1990S晚期冷淡下来。（逐渐消失。）Economic theory 经济理论In the 1970s,conservative（保守的） economists argued that government was the economic problem restricting economic growth and freedom. 1970S

25、，保守的经济学家认为政府限制了经济增长和自由。 The change in economic thinking profoundly（深刻地） affected the public bureaucracy 经济思考的改变深刻地影响了公共官僚制。Public choice theory 公共选择理论 The most important economic theory applied to the bureaucracy, particularly in the earlier debate over managerialism,was public choice theory.应用于官僚制特

26、别是早期关于管理主义的争论的最重要的经济理论是公共选择理论。The key assumption of public choice is a comprehensive view of rationality.对公共选择的主要假设是合理性的综合观点 A rational man must be guided by the incentive system（动机系统） within which he operates.一个理性的人必须被他在里面起作用的动机系统所引导An assumption of such carrot （胡萝卜）and stick behaviour applies in a

27、ny area. Making an economic assumption about behaviour does have its uses.做一个关于行为的经济假设确实有他的用处。 These views found a governmental response. 这些观点建立了政府的回应。 After thirty years of public choice theory and attempts to apply it to governmental settings,results have been mixed公共选择理论和把它应用于政府设置的努力在三十年后有了复杂的结果。

28、Principal/agent theory The economic theory of principal and agent has also been applied to the public sector,especially concerning its accountability.规则和机构的理论也被应用于公共部门，特别是它的责任。 Principal/agent theory attempts to find incentive（动机） schemes（体制） for agents to act in the interests of principals.规则/机构理论试

29、图发现机构在规则的兴趣下的行动的动机体制。 Chapter 3 第二章The Traditional Model of Public Administration传统的公共行政模式IntroductionWhat is here called the traditional model of public administration was once a major reform movement. 这里被称为公共行政的传统模型的是曾经的一次主要的改革运动。. The traditional model can be characterized as: an administration u

30、nder the formal control of the political leadership, based on a strictly hierarchical model of bureaucracy, staffed by permanent, neutral and anonymous officials, motivated only by the public interest, serving any governing party equally, and not contributing to policy but merely administering those

31、 policies decided by the politicians.传统模型可以被定义为：政治领导正式控制下的行政，以官僚制的严格等级制模型为基础，聘用永久的、中立的、匿名的员工，只为公共利益所驱动，平等地为任何政党服务，不为政治做贡献，也不管理政治家决定的政策。 .The traditional model of public administration remains the longest standing and most successful theory of management in the public sector, but is now being replace

32、d.公共行政的传统模型是在公共部门保持最久的突出和最成功的管理理论。但是现在被逐渐替代。 Early administration早期的行政Public administration has a long history, one paralleling the very notion of government. 对比政府的概念公共行政有一个很长的历史。Administrative systems existed in ancient Egypt to administer irrigation from the annual flood of the Nile and to build the pyramids. 行政系统存在于古埃及用来管理来自一年一次的尼罗河大水的灌溉，建造金字塔, In Europe the various Empires Greek, Roman, Holy Roman, Spanish and so on were, above all, administrative empires, controlled from the centre by