英语句法精讲精练.docx

1、英语句法精讲精练英语句法精讲精练英语五种基本句型 基本句型一: 主+系+表 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做连系动词.系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化.be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用.其它系动词仍保持其部分词义. 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典. 2. The dinner smells

2、 good. 午餐的气味很好. 3. His face turned red. 他的脸红了 4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮. 基本句型二: 主+谓(不及物动词) 此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词,介词短语,状语从句等. 1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着. 2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了. 3. What he said does not matter

3、. 他所讲的没有什么关系. 4. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时. 5. The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔书写流利. 基本句型三: 主+谓(及物)+宾 此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整.这类动词叫做及物动词. 1. Who knows the answer？ 谁知道答案？ 2. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书. 3. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误. 基本句型

4、四: 主+谓(及物)+双宾（间宾+直宾） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思.这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者.通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略. 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳. 2. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片. 3. He bought you a dictionary.他给你买了一本字典. 4. I told him that the bus was la

5、te. 我告诉他汽车晚点了. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器. 基本句型五: 主+谓(及物)+复合宾语（宾+宾补） 此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整. 1. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色. 2. They found the house deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住. 3. What makes him think so？ 他怎么会这样想？. 4. We saw him out

6、. 我们送他出去. 5. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来. 6. I saw them getting on the bus at that time. 我看见他们当时在上了那辆公共汽车. 定语从句一、定义：复合句中用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 二、内涵：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词；引导定语从句的词叫关系代词（that、which、who、whom、whose、as）和关系副词（when、where、why）;关系代词和关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，起着连接主从句、指代先行词、在从句中充当句子成分三重作用。三、基本用法：1、That:指

7、人或指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。2、Which:指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。但是作介词宾语且介词提前时不能省略。3、Who:指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。句中已有who时，用that替代。如：Who is the girl that is speaking over there?4、Whom: :指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略。但是作介词宾语且介词提前时不能省略，也不能用who替代。5、Whose：指人或指物，在从句中作定语，whose+名词在从句中作主语或宾语。6、As：指人或指物，引导非限制性定语从句时的三大特点：1、译为“正如，正像”；2、指代主句整句话

8、内容；3、在句中位置灵活，可放主句前、后或中。引导限制性定语从句时必须与the same和such连用。7、When：在从句中作时间状语，引导定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。可用介词+which替代。8、Where：在从句中作地点状语，引导定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。可用介词+which替代。9、Why：在从句中作原因状语，引导定语从句修饰reason。可用介词+which替代。四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句强调先行词与定语从句关系密切，不可缺少，翻译时一般译为“的”结构；非限制性定语从句往往用“，”与先行词分割开，关系较为松散，表明了：无定语从句不影响表达，有定语从句意思更完

9、整。翻译时，一般主从句分别翻译成两个句子。五、特殊用法总结（一）which和that都指物时，只用that不用which的情况：1、当先行词是all、everything、nothing、no、much、any、Little等不定代词时，或被其修饰时；2、当先行词被最高级、序数词以及the very和the only修饰时；3、当句中已出现which时，为避免重复，只用that；4、当先行词既有人又有物时。（二）which和that都指物时，只用which不用that的情况：1、充当介词宾语且介词提前时；2、引导非限制性定语从句时。（三）用who不用that的情况：1、当先行词为one、one

10、s、anyone、those时；Those who are always late for class should be punished.2、there be结构中主语指人时；There is a gentleman who wants to see you.3、句中有两个定语从句且修饰人时，其中一个用that，另一个必须用who。The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and hardworking.（四）先行词为one of the+名词复数时，若one前有

11、the或the only修饰时，中心词是one， 定语从句中谓语动词用单数；若one前无修饰语，中心词为复数名词，定语从句中谓语动词用复数。(五)which和as引导非限制性定语从句，均代指主句内容的区别：as用法见上文；which从句只能放主句后，往往译为“这”、“这件事”等。（六）关系代词作表语时，无论指人还是指物，一般只用that。如：She is no longer the girl that she used to be ten years ago.六、解题方法指导（一）引导词的选择：一看定语从句中缺什么成分。若缺主语、宾语或表语，选关系代词，若缺状语，选关系副词。二看先行词。若指人

12、，用who、that、whom、as或whose，若指物，用that、which、as或whose，若为表时间的名词，用when，若为表时地点的名词，用where，若为reason，用why。(二)关系代词作介词宾语时的用法1、当关系代词作介词宾语时，介词可提前到关系代词前，此时指人用whom，指物用which。但若介词与动词为不可分割的固定短语时，介词不能提前。如：The dog thatwhich Im looking after is my sisters.2、介词的选择：一看与动词的搭配，二看与先行词的搭配。如：She still remembers Beijing Universit

13、y from which she graduated five years ago. Give me a piece of paper thatwhich I can write the words on.定语从句在近几年的高考题中经常会出现，堪称中学英语语法“重头戏”。许多考生对此没有把握，为此，我分两个方面，就2010年的高考题中的定语从句题解析如下，2009年高考英语试题分类汇编定语从句（09安徽）1. A good friend of mine from I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing. A

14、. how B. whom C. when D. which（09安徽）2. Many children， parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village. A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom（09北京）3. What do you think of teacher ,Bob？I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but int

15、eresting . A. where B. which C. when D. that（09福建）4. Its helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. A. that B. when C. which D. where（09湖南）5I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. A. whic

16、h B. of which C. that D. whose（09江西）6. The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which（09海南）7. She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before. A. them B. who C. whom D. these（09山东）8. Whenever I met her, _ was fair

17、ly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that（09陕西）9. Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time.A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which（09天津）10. A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails. A. who B.

18、 whom C. whose D. whoever（09浙江）11I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. A. which B. where C. how D. why（09重庆）12. Life is like a long race _we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. A. why B. what C. that D. where（09全国2 ）13. My friend showed me round the t

19、own, was very kind of him. A. which B. that C. where D. it1-5CBADD 6-10BCBCC 11-13BDA一限制性定语从句1.（2010福建）24. Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet_ life has developed gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose 答案：B考点：定语从句 解析：先行词为planet，表示地点，在从句作地点状语，故用where。 先行地点wher

20、e导，定从句中作状语2.（2010湖南） 28. Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school_ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which 答案：A考点：考查定语从句。解析：先行词the students指人 ，且在从句中作met的宾语，故选关系代词who，即A项。 先行人物that、who导，从句里作主、宾语3.（2010江西） 31 The girl arranged to have pi

21、ano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour. A where B who C which D what 答案：A考点：考察定语从句。解析：先行词为centre, 定语从句she would stay for an hour 中不缺宾语或主语, 故要填地点状语, 表地点用where。先行地点where导，定从句中作状语4.（2010山东）24. Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen. A. that B. wh

22、ich C. whose D. What答案：C考点：本题考查定语从句的引导词。解析：句意应为“那就是那台零部件小得几乎看不见的新机器。”先行词machine 与后面parts 之间是所有格关系，所以使用whose。5.（2010 上海）38. Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which答案：C考点：此处考查的是介词加疑问词引导从句 解析：考察介词+which的用法。=Wind pow

23、er is an ancient source of energy whichthatwe may return to in the near future. 6.（2010天津）8. Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?You should try the barbers _ I go. Its only 15. A. as B. which C. where D. that 答案：C. 考点：考查定语从句。句意：你能相信我理一次发得花20美元吗？你应该到我去的那家理发店试试，只需要15美元。解析：句中the barbe

24、rs 是先行词，从句中go 是不及物动词，不接宾语，从句也不缺主语，所选关系代词在从句中作状语，所以要用where。先行地点where导，定从句中作状语7.（2010江苏）32. The newly built caf, the walls of_ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work. A. that B. it C. what D. which 选D定语从句表示咖啡屋的墙,所有格关系有两种方法引导，用whose或of which引导,the walls of

25、 which相当于whose walls ,故选D所属关系 whose导，of which（whom）一样好8（2010 陕西）11. The old temple _ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. A. where B. which C. its D. Whose 答案：D.考点：考查定语从句。解析：所填词引导定语从句，先行词是the old temple，关系词在从句中做roof的定语，即所有格关系，用关系代词whose，选D。其余选项与题意不符。所属关系 whose导，从句当中作定语9.（2010全国）16. I refus

26、e to accept the blame for something _was someone elses fault. A. who B. that C. as D. what答案：B考点：定语从句。解析：不定代词something作主语，用that引导。不定代词that导，定从中作主、宾语10.（2010北京）27. Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what B. whose C. which D. that 答案：B考点: 本题考查定语从句关系副词的选择。

27、解析：不爱运动或者饮食热量偏高的孩子们会很快发胖。先行词Children 和从句中diet之间是所有格关系，用关系代词whose引导定语从句。故选B. whose谁的，符合题意。所属关系 whose导，定从句中作定语11.（2010重庆）28. In china, the number of cities is increasing _development is recognized across the world. A. where B. which C. whose D. that答案C考点：考查定语从句。解析： development与先行词cities之间是所属关系，所以选whos

28、e。句意是：在中国，城市的数量在增加，城市的发展被全世界意识到。所属关系 whose导，定从句中作定语二非限制性定语从句1.（2010浙江）3The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. Awhom Bwhich Cthem Dthose答案：A考点：本题考查定语从句引导词。解析：由于先行词是“1,000 people”，表示人， 并且作介词of的宾语，故用whom。句意为：这里居住着将近1000人，他们中的许多人都

29、背井离乡去城市追求更好的生活。 2.（2010四川）10After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling， _turned out to be a wise decision Athat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhere答案：B考点：考查非限制性定语从句。解析：此处应为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which代替前边整个句子。句意为：“大学毕业后，我们休假一段时间去旅游，这结果证明是一个明智的决定。”引导非限定从句, which代替前半句3.（2010全国）24. As a child , Jack

30、 studied in a village school ,_ is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. that 答案：A句意：还是孩子的时候，Jack 在以他祖父命名的乡村学校学习。解答：，此题考察非限定性定语从句。定语从句所修饰的先行词是school，它在定于从句中做主语，因此使用关系代词，选项中的关系代词只有which和that，由于是非限定性定语从句，不能使用that，因此选择A。先行是物which(that)导，非限定从that高考英语第二轮热点专题复习名词性从句考情分析名词性从句是历年高考的重点和难点

31、也是热点。名词性从句相当于名词，可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有：连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which，有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等；连接副词：when, where, why, how，有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语；连接词：that, whether, if, as if，if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分；that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略。名词性从句重点与难点：一、that从句作主语和宾语时，常用it作形式主语，将从句放在句末e.g. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not.She has seen to it that all the children are well taken care of.二、that引导名词性从句的省略情况1、that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句