1、人教版英语八年级下册知识点总结 八年级英语下册语法知识复习 1. should 情态动词,应该,应当,用于询问,提出建议,或表达职责和义务。 如:What should I do? You should have a talk with your parents. could 也可以提出建议,比较委婉。如: You could write him a letter. could还用于礼貌地请求,如:Could you please clean your room? 否定句式:Could you please not do sth? 其他常用情态动词:must必须,have to必须,不得不,m
2、ay可能,可以,can能,会,可能,可以need需要。 情态动词+动词原形作谓语。 2. 非谓语动词形式 (一)动词不定式 结构:to+动词原形或不带to。否定:not+to do或not do 句法功能: 1)主语:常用it作形式主语,不定式为真正的主语:It is +形容词+for sb. to do sth. It is important to keep fit. =To keep fit is important. 2)宾语: (1)直接宾语:想,喜欢,希望:want, like, love, would like, hope, expect; 决定同意拒绝 开始学习:decide,
3、 agree, refuse, begin, start, learn, 需要计划帮助提供:need, plan,help, offer+ to do(划线的动词还可以接doing) 如:Ill help to clean up the city parks。(宾语) 疑问词(what, who, which, where, when ,how,)+to do 作宾语 I dont know what to say. 我不知道说什么。 (2)宾补:tell,ask,want,wish,allow,invite,help,encourage,teach等+ sb. to do (hope不能接s
4、b. to do) She asked me to say sorry. 她让我道歉。 不带to的不定式作宾补:使役动词make/let/have sb. do (3)用it作形式宾语:I thinkfind、+it+adj.+to do sth 如:I find it hard to learn English. 3) 定语:放名词或代词后,如:a good way to do, the best time to do, a place to do, something to drink/eat. 4) 状语: 无固定搭配,常在完整句子后表目的。如: You could visit the
5、sick kids to cheer them up.你可以看望生病的孩子来使他们高兴起来。 5)表语:用在系动词后。My dream is to become a scientist. (二)、动名词doing 1). 只接doing不接to do的动词:finish, enjoy, keep, practice, mind, consider, put off, give up, feel like, be busy, have problems/difficulty/trouble/fun , cant stop +doing 2). 接to do与接doing意不同:stop/cont
6、inue to do停下来/接着去做另一事stop/continue ,remember/forget 忘记去做某事/记得doto forget remember/ , 继续做某事/停止doingdoing记得/忘记做了某事 try to do努力去做某事 try doing 尝试做某事 3).接do与doing 意不同:感官动词see, hear, watch,notice + sb. do看见/听见/观看/注意到某人做了某事。 see, hear, watch, notice +sb. doing 看见/听见/观看/注意到某人正在做某事。 4). 表示户外活动:go shopping, g
7、o skating 去溜冰, go fishing, go boating, go camping, go hiking, go bike riding, go swimming. 4). 动名词作主语时,谓语看作单数。如:Listening to music makes me happy. 5). 在介词后动词要加ing, 即介词+doing.如:Thanks for helping me. 3.发出请求和请求允许的句型 Could you (please)+动词原形+、?请你、好吗? (发出请求) 肯定回答:Yes, I can. Yes, sure. No problem. 否定回答:S
8、orry, I cant. Im afraid I cant. Could I +动词原形+、? 我可以、吗? (请求允许) 肯定回答:Yes, you can. Yes, please. 否定回答:Sorry, you cant. Im afraid you cant. 以could开头的表示礼貌地发出请求或请求允许的疑问句,简略回答不能用couldcouldnt,要用cancant 4.过去进行时:表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。 1),结构:肯定句=主语+was/were+doing+其它 否定句=主语+was/were+not+doing+其它 一般疑问句=Was/W
9、ere+主语+doing+其它 2),时间状语:last night, at this time of yesterday等;或者与when,while,as引导的过去时间状语连用 3),when 当、的时候,引导的时间状语从句可用一般过去时或过去进行时;可以和非延续性动词连用(begin to rain非延续性),表示点时间;也可以和延续性动词连用,表示段时间。 I was waiting for the bus when it began to rain heavily. 当开始下大雨的时候,我正在等公交车。 When I was waiting for the bus, it began
10、 to rain heavily.当我正在等公交车时,开始下大雨了。 while 当。时,引导的从句只能用进行时态,和延续性动词连用,表示段时间。当复合句的主句和从句都用过去进行时,连词只能用while不能用when。如: My mother was cooking dinner while my father was reading a newspaper. 可归纳为以下主从时态结构:过去进行时+when+一般过去时 一般过去时+when/while+过去进行时 过去进行时+while+过去进行时 4)主从句判断方法:连词引导的是从句,另一个就是主句。主从位置不限定前后,若从句在前,中间用逗
11、号隔开。主句从句各有自己的主谓结构。 连词与状语从句:5. ,否定句中 、until , 直到、才,until 直到。用于肯定句,与延续性动词连用;not 、1 ) I studied until midnight. = I didnt stop studying until midnight.引导时间状语从句。如: can, could, should等)为了,引导目的状语从句,且从句常含有情态动词(2)so that 以便、 You should talk to him so that you can say youre sorry. 、以至于,引导结果状语从句。 +that从句,如此、3
12、)so+形容词当从句时否定可转换; that与enough to当主句和从句的主语一致,且从句是肯定句时,so too to可转换 that与句时,soHe is so strong that he can carry the box. = He is strong enough to carry the box. 能搬他那么壮, 动这个箱子。他那么弱,搬不动t carry the box. =He is too weak to carry the box. He is so weak that he can 这个箱子。t put it 如:This is such an interestin
13、g book that I cansuch+(a/an)+形容词+名词+that从句,down. I will 如:“主将从现”。引导时间状语从句。就、谈论将来的事,时态要 4)as soon as一、 我一到家就给你打电话。谈论过去的事,主从都用过去时。call you as soon as I get home. 5)unless连词,除非,如果不=if not 。 时态符合“主将从现” You will be late unless you hurry up. = If you dont hurry up, you will be late.你将迟到,除非你快点。 6)although=
14、though=even though,尽管,即使,虽然。引导让步状语从句,与but 不能连用。 7) whether or 不管、还是, 引导让步状语从句。 6. 数词知识:1)1000以上的基数词的读法,从右开始数,每隔三位数加一个逗号:第一个逗号thousand(千),第二个million(百万),第三个billion(十亿) nine million, six hundred thousand 注意:hundred后通常加and,十位数和个位数之间加连字符-,小数点读作point,小数点后的数一 一读。 2)确数:基数词+hundredthousandmillion 。百/千/百万(前有
15、数字后无s与of)如:four thousand 概数:hundredsthousandsmillions +of 数以百计/。(前无数字后加s与of) 3)分数的表达方式:分子分母=基数词序数词(当分子大于1,分母加s) three quarters=three fourths 四分之三 7. 形容词、副词的等级: 原级:只描述一个人或事物,原级前可用very,quite, so, really等修饰。 as+adj或adv.原级+as: 和、一样,否定结构:not asas+adj或adv.原级+as: 不如 8. 现在完成时(一):表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 常
16、用时间状语有:already已经(肯定句中) yet已经(用于疑问句句末)还(用于否定句句末),just刚刚,ever曾经never从来没有,before以前(用于句末),so far到目前为止,once一次 如:I have already finished my homework, so I can watch TV now.(完成作业对现在看电视的影响) (二)表示从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。常用时间状语有:for+一段时间,since+过去某时刻/ ago/过去时从句,in the last/past years, how long. 必须与延续性动词连用,如:I have ha
17、d this bike for three years. 结构:1)主语 + have / has + 过去分词 + 其他(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其现在完成时余人称用have)过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同:+ed;不规则动词P136。 havehas been (to)+地点 去过某地(已回来,) havehas gone ( to) +地点 去了某地(未回来,) havehas been (in) +地点(还在某地,和时间段连用)(当地点是副词时,介词省略)。 我去过北京两次。I have been to Beijing twice.如: 她去哪了?她去了北京。
18、? She has gone to Beijing.Where is she 她在北京呆了两个星期了。She has been in Beijing for two weeks. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:、与现在是否有联系:一般过去时只强调过去发生的动作,现在完成时强调过去的动作对现1 在的影响。) 只强调读这个动作I read this book yesterday (读这个动作对现在的影响:学到一些新I have read this book. I learn something new now. ( ) 东西等。现在yesterday, last year, when, two d
19、ays ago2、一般过去时与过去的具体时间连用,如: 完成时则不能。 s the matter with sbsth? 某人或某物怎么了?9、What 询问问题的其他常用句型:s the troubleproblem with sb? What s wrong with sb? What 某人发生了什么事?What happened to sb? 、健康问题的表达:10) 感冒,发烧,咳嗽 a coldfevercough (1)havehas ) havehas a stomachachetoothacheheadache(胃疼,牙疼,头疼2)) havehas a sore backth
20、roat (背疼,嗓子疼3) P2)4 ) head and neck hurt 头和脖子疼((p5) hurt his back伤到他的背伤到你自己(P4)5) hurt yourself P2) cut myself切到自己(6)cut oneself身体部位 have problems breathing 呼吸困难7)have a heart problem心脏病 被晒伤 get sunburned 8)get hit 被打 Chinese- Chinese Japanese-Japanese 、不规则复数:foot-feet tooth-teeth 11太 too many 可以修饰动
21、词和不可数名词;much too 太,修饰形容词,too much 12. 太多, 多,修饰可数名词复数。足够的水;修饰形容词需后置,修饰名词,可前可后,water enough=enough water13.enough big enough足够大island, park, alarm, amusement boy, 用an 表示“一个”的词:X-ray, 8-year-old accident, 14. interesting book, honest student等元音开头的词(不是看元音字母)without 没有,without不带有: 如:具有。hot tea with honey
22、 反义:带有,介词15. with eating breakfast because+ 从句ing; 16. because of+名词、代词、动词ourselves, 复数:myself, yourself ,himself, herself, itself 反身代词:单数:17. yourselves, themselves 玩的开心独自 enjoy oneself 常见短语:hurt oneself 伤到某人自己 by oneself 有点儿,几个,a littlea little, little后接不可数名词;a few18. a few, few 后接可数名词的复数, few,lit
23、tle 很少、几乎没有,表示否定意义。表示肯定意义, 19. be used to doing sth 习惯做某事 used to do sth 过去常常做某事 I used to stay up late, but Im used to going to bed early.我过去常常熬夜,但是现在习惯早睡了。 20. lonely 孤独的(有感情色彩)alone单独,独自(无感情色彩)feel lonely; live alone 21.动副短语接代词时,代词要放中间,如: give it/them up 22. So +助动词/be/情态动词+ 主语 “某人也一样” 如:I often
24、exercise. So _ he. Neither +助动词/be/情态动词+ 主语“某人也不” 23. 区分:neither 两者都不,either 两个中任一个,both两个都,all三个或以上都。用neither of或either of 作主语时,谓语为单数;用both of all of 作主语时,谓语为复数。如: Neither of them _been to London before. Both of my parents _(be) doctors 24.区分:三个“也”too用于肯定句末,either用于否定句末,also用于句中。如: He did not want
25、to lose his toy monkey, _ 25. 花费:spend, pay, cost, and take sb spend timemoney on sth doing sth 某人花费时间、金钱做某事 sb pay some money for sth 某人付钱买某物 it takes sb some time to do sth 做某事话费多少时间 sth cost (sb) some money 某物花费某人多少钱 26in order to +do (短语)为了,目的是。否定:in order not to do so that +从句 “为了,以便于” 27. 区分两个
26、“如此”: such+(aan)+形容词+名词 , so + 形容词/副词。 如:such bad weather; so lovely 28、复合句中的宾语从句用陈述语序。如: I can do what I love to do and help others at the same time. 29.provide sth for sb=provide sb with sth 为某人提供某物 同义:offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 30. keep sb./sth. + 形容词:使某人或某物保持。 如:keep clean and tidy 保持干净整
27、洁 31.Why dont you +do=Why not +do(动词原形) 为什么不。? (提建议) Why dont you talk to your parents? = Why not talk to your parents? 其他提意见的句型(了解) Whathow about +doing sth? 做某事怎么样? Shall we +do sth 让我们做某事好吗? Lets +do sth 让我们做某事吧 Would you mind +doing sth 你介意做某事吗? 你最好(不)做某事You had better (not) +do sth 32. instead
28、相反,却,代替,修饰整个句子(放句首或句末). instead of+名词、代词、动词ing: 代替,而不是(放句中)如:He would like to stay at home _ going shopping. 33.leave和forget的区别: leave sth someplace把某物落在某地 forget to do sth忘记做某事(抽象的事情) 如:You _ homework at home yesterday. 34. other +名词复数 “其他的。”,泛指;onethe other(两个中)一个。另一个;another (三个及以上中)另一个;any other
29、 +名词单数 “任何其他的。” the other +名词复数=the others “其余的。”,特指 35.This thatlastnext +时间(前面没有介词)如:What were you doing last night? 36. 常见不可数名词(抽象名词):pressure, stress, information, news, advice, weather, pollution, progress 37. 区分:maybe也许、可能, 常放句首;may be可能是,在句中作谓语。 38. 介词:1)against倚、碰、撞、反对。如:fight against对抗,beat
30、 against撞击;2).during在。期间,如:during the daytime,during the holiday; 3). among 在三者或以上之中,如:among the students, between 两者之间,如:the classes在课间,between the school and the bank. 4)by 在。旁边by the sea; 不迟于by 5 oclock; 被,由某人by Moyan; 乘骑by bus; 通过做某事by exersicing;5))along沿着 along the way 6)down沿着;向下down the stre
31、et, sit down 39.区分: whole adj 全部的,整体的 the+whole+cn单数 如: the whole family 整个家庭 All+the+uncn复数 all the money所有的钱 all the books所有的书 40. 感叹句: 1) what+aan+形容词+可数名词单数+主谓! 2) what+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主谓! 3) How+形容词/副词+主谓! _ a long time you slept in the forest!你们在森林里睡了这么久! 41. 区分: voice (人的)嗓音 sound 泛指声音 noise噪音 42. population 集合名词,人口,人口数量 1)The populatio
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