1、初三语法总结Unit 1零冠词的用法1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;They are teachers. 他们是教师。3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词; We go to school from M
2、onday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词; The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfast,play chess 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;I cant write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train; 10)有些个体名词不用
3、冠词;如:school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个 体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义; go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)11)不用冠词的序数词;a. 序数词前有物主代词 b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all,from first to lastUnit 21.句型:It is +
4、adj. + for sb. to do. 该句型中的形容词通常是表示事物的特点或特征的如difficult,hard,easy,impossible,necessary,important等,此时用for表示做某事对某人来说很adj. 这里的adj.是do?sth.的属性,里面的sb.跟adj.没有直接联系如Its?difficult?for?you?to?deal?with?the?problem.2.It is + adj. + of sb. to do. 表示人的性格特征或特点的如nice,good,bad,kind,silly,foolish,wise,clever, careles
5、s,rude,brave,cruel,carefu等,表示某人这么做真是太adj.了如Its?very?kind?of?you?to?help?me.用of与用for的区别在于,of?前的形容词是形容人的,如例句,我们可以说he?is?wrong,但是for前面的形容词是用来形容不定式的3.形容词+ enough + to + do(动词原形)表示足够去做某事,注意enough位于形容词后Tom is old enough to go to school.Her hair is long enough to tie back.4.以-ing 和-ed结尾的形容词-ing 结尾的形容词通常修饰物
6、,表示其自身具有的特征,通常译为“令人的”如:?interesting?有趣的?用法1)通常放在名词(人或物)的前面作定语,如:an?interesting?person/story?2)?放在系动词后面作表语,如:He?is?interesting.-ed结尾的通常形容人,说明句中主语(人)的情绪变化,通常译为“某人感到的”如:?interested?感到有趣的。?它们通常放在系动词的后面作表语,其主语必须是人,表示人情绪的变化如:He?felt?surprised?at?the?news.常见的这类形容词如下:interesting 有趣的 interested 感兴趣的surprisin
7、g 令人惊奇的 surprised感到惊奇的frightening令人害怕的 frightened感到害怕的tiring 令人厌倦的 tired 感到厌烦的amazing令人惊讶的 amazed感到惊讶的boring 令人讨厌的 bored感到厌烦的exciting令人兴奋的 excited感到激动的relaxing 令人放松的 relaxed 感到放松的disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的amusing 有乐趣的 amused 觉得好笑的pleasing 令人高兴的 pleased 感到高兴的worrying令人担忧的 worried 感到担心Unit
8、 3it 用法:it是常见代词之一,它既可以指代时间、地点、天气、距离等,还能作形式主语或形式宾语,同时可以引起强调结构。 一、用来表示时间、天气、地点、距离、环境、形势等。例如: It is two miles to the beach. 这里到海滨有两英里。 It was raining in the morning. 今天早晨下着雨。 It is summer now. It is nine Oclock.It is time for supper.二、指代不定式、动名词、从句等,用作形式主语或形式宾语。如1.形式主语 见unit2 中it 的句型2.it指代不定式: It took a
9、 long time to build the wall. =To build the wall took a long time.3.it指代动名词: It is great fun walking and cycling in Guilin. =Walking and cycling in Guilin is also great fun.Unit 4过去完成时:1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语:before, by, by the end of last year (term, month), etc
10、. 3.基本结构:主语+had + p.p(过去分词)+其它 4.否定形式:主语+had + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它 5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。 6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。 By the end of last month. We had leaarned 2000 words.到上个月底,我们学了两千个单词。基本结构:主语+had+p.p(过去分词)+其它 肯定句:主语+ had+p.p(过去分词)+其它 否定句:主语+ had+ not+p.p(过
11、去分词)+其它 一般疑问句:Had+主语+p.p(过去分词)+其它 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句7. 同现在完成时一样,过去完成时也可出现just、already、for 和since等词,只是时间范围是过去的过去,前二者表示刚刚之意,后二者中,for与一段时间连用,since与过去的时间点连用。例句:a.When we got home, our son had already had dinner. b.She had just finished her homework when the teacher came to her. c.I had not seen my friend
12、 Amy for a long time, so I visited her last Sunday.d.They had lived in Shenzhen since 2004 and last month, they moved to Guangzhou.8.基本用法:去完成时的基本用法 (1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。例如: By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from
13、 the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 (2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如: I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候,我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 (3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动
14、作时,常使用过去完成时。例如: Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 Unit 5直接引语与间接引语1.定义:直接引语:直接引用别人的原话,并在原话前后加引号。例:He said: It is too late.间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话,多数以宾语从句的形式构成。例:He said it was too late.2. 直接引语与间接引语相互转化时应注意的问题第一:人称的变化。主语为第一人称的直接引语,变间接引语时,人称要做相应调整。例如:直接引语 She sai
15、d: I am hungry.间接引语 She said she was hungry.直接引语 Mum said to me: You must clean your bedroom by yourself.间接引语 Mum told me that I had to clean my bedroom by myself.第二:时态变化直接引语变间接引语时,间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致。如果直接引语中主句的时态是一般过去时和现在完成时,间接引语改为过去完成时;直接引语主句为一般将来时,间接引语改为过去将来时。如:He said, I have bought a gift for my s
16、ister. 改为 He said he had bought Lucy promised, I will go to the party tomorrow. 改为 Lucy promised that she would go to 第三:如果直接引语是一般疑问句时,用asked if和asked whether, 如果为特殊疑问句则改为asked特殊疑问词来引导宾语从句。如下:He said, What is your Chinese name? 改为 He asked me what my Chinese name was.The teacher said, Is everyone re
17、ady?改为 The teacher asked if everyone was ready.第四:如果直接引语为命令,要求一类的祈使句时,改为间接引语时,用tell、ask 、order + to+ do ,如果为否定意义,则在不定式介词to 后加not。例如:Lily said, Open the door. 改为 Lily asked me to open the door.The doctor said,Dont smoke here. 改为 The doctor ordered me not to smoke there.Unit 6一、have to 与need to 的用法与比较
18、1. have to 与其他情态动词一样也是后接动词原形,表示外界的强制作用,强调被迫性。含有不情愿的色彩,常译为“必须,不得不”。 2. have to 可用于多种时态,而且不同时态使用不同的形式:一般现在时中,主语为第三人称单数时用has to ; 一般过去时中,用 had to。 have to 还可以用在其他的情态动词之后。例如: I have to do some washing. 我必须洗洗衣服。 She has to look after her little sister. 她不得不照顾她的小妹妹。 I had to do my homework last night. 3.
19、have to 的否定式和疑问式一般要借用助动词do的适当形式构成。have to 的否定式是dont have to; has to 的否定式是doesnt have to; had to 的否定式是didnt have to。have to的疑问式同样也借用助动词do的相应形式构成。例如: He doesnt have to do the homework now. 他没有必要现在做作业。 Do I have to go there now? 我现在就得去那儿吗? Yes, you do. (No, you dont have to.) 是的,你必须去。(不,你不必。) We didnt
20、have to answer the question yesterday. 昨天我们没有必要回答这个问题。 二need 的用法:1. 作情态动词 a. 无人称或数的变化, 后接动词原形,多用于否定句和疑问句中。如:You neednt worry.你不必担心。 b. 由need引出的一般疑问句,肯定回答常用must或have to;否定答语常用neednt. 如:Need I answer the question? 我需要回答那个问题吗? Yes, you must. /Yes, you have to.是的,你必须回答。/是的,你得回答。/No, you neednt.不,不必了。 c.
21、 由must引出的一般疑问句,肯定回答用must,否定答语用neednt或dont have to。如Must I do the work now? 我必须现在干这个活吗? Yes, you must /have to.是的,你必须做。/No, you neednt /dont have to. 不,你现在不必做。2. 作行为动词 need 作为行为动词有人称和数的变化, 后面可接名词、代词、动名词及带to 的动词不定式;可用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句中,如:She needs help.她需要帮助。I dont need to see the doctor.我不需要看病。三跟在动词后的由tha
22、t 引导的宾语从句,(非正式场合下that可以省略)常见的这些动词有:say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, report例句:The boy believes that he will travel through spac
23、e to other planets.注意事项:当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。 Unit 7一 跟在动词后由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句,常见的这些动词有:know,think,understand, believe, remember,wonder,decide,tell,explain,forget,ask疑问词有:how,where,which,who,why例句:Can you tell me where I can buy a good speaker? The old man u
24、nderstood why the fish did not sell well.二、 跟在形容词后由that引导的宾语从句,常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised,excited, sad,proud,unhappy,fritened.例句:I am sure(that) I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. Unit 8一. 名词
25、后跟动词不定式,常见的这些名词有:attempt,invitation,decision,plan,等 例句:I made a decision to become a doctor.二. 动词+疑问词+ to do,常见的这些动词有:decide, know, ask, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, discuss,teach,tell等。例句:Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many
26、 kinds of MP5 that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。Unit 9一 副词的比较级和最高级英语句子中,将比较两个主体的方法叫做“比较句型”。其中,像“A比B更”的表达方式称为比较级;而“A最”的表达方式则称为最高级。1. 构成规则总体而言,可以参考形容词的变换形式。但以词尾 -ly 结尾的副词(除 early ),比较级须在前加more,最高级则加 most 。如下;hard harder hardest fast faster fastest early earlier earliest muc
27、h more most warmly more warmly most warmly具体如下:a.单音节副词的比较级是在副词后面加上 -er 构成的,最高级是在副词后面加上 -est 构成的,如:near nearer nearestb.多音节副词的比较级是在副词的前面加上 -more 构成的。 最高级是在副词前面加上 -most 构成的,如:successfully more successfully most successfullyc.有些副词的比较级和最高级形式是不规则的。如:well-better - best little - less(er) - least much- more
28、 - most badly - worse - worst far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)注意:副词最高级前不用加定冠词the2. 副词比较级和最高级例句:He works harder than I.Lucy gets up earlier than Lili.He runs fastest in our class.Its true that he speak English more fluently than any of us。Our school team play football best in our region二、原级比较的
29、基本用法原级比较由“as形容词或副词(或再加名词或短语)as ”构成“原级相同”比较句,表示两者比较;其否定式,即“程度不及”比较句型为“not so(as) 形容词或副词as”,而且asas结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的词修饰,否定含义用not so(as)+原级形容词或副词+as”的结构例句:Xiao Wang writes as well Xiao Liu. Simon types as fast as Peter, but not as accurately as Peter.Unit 10 一不定式作状语:目的状语、结果状语、原因状语1)
30、 目的状语:表示“为了”;当不定式位于句首时必为目的状语。例:To make money,he worked day and night。He does exercise every day to keep healthy. 2) 结果状语:表示“结果是”例:He came here to find the train gone。3) 原因状语:在形容词后的不定式例:Its nice to meet you。注意:不定式表示结果的常见搭配:1) so+形容词+as to;suchas to例:He was so angry as to be unable to speak。We are not
31、 such fools as to believe him2)enough(for sb.)to 例:The book is easy enough for me to read。2) tooto例:He is too young to join the army。3) only to(常表示未曾料到的结果)例:I went to see him only to find him out.二 反义疑问句句型解释反义疑问句(The Disjunctive Question) 即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。 反义疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
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