Unit 4从句.docx

1、Unit 4 从句Unit 4 从句一、名词性从句一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。名词性从句包括： 主语从句（subject clauses） 宾语从句（object clause） 表语从句（predicative clauses） 同位语从句（appositive clauses）引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词： that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which 连接副词：when, where, how

2、, whyeg: 主语从句：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。宾语从句：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。表语从句：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语从句：The fact that he has not been seen

3、 recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。1. 同位语从句：（1） 在某些抽象名词后面常用连接词that, 有时也用whether / who / when / which/ what /where等引出同位语从句，具体说明这些名词的内容。（2） 能接同位语从句的常用名词有：answer, belief, certainty, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, evidence, explanation, fact, hope, idea

4、, impression, information, knowledge, law, likelihood, message, news, order, opinion, possibility, principle, probability, problem, promise, proof, question, reply, report, rumor, statement, suggestion, thought, truth, etc, eg:The news that he has won the game is exciting.After careful investigation

5、 they came to the conclusion that the boy was innocent.There is no doubt that its going to be difficult.The question whether there are living things on the Mars will be discussed.（3） 在以下一些惯用结构中，也可以用同位语从句：on the assumption that, on condition that, despite the fact that, on the pretence that, on the s

6、upposition that, on the understanding that, with the exception that, etc, eg:Jack lent me the money on the condition that I pay it back next month.（4） 同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别，eg:Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.（5）当同位语从句说明advice, suggestion, p

7、roposal, demand, request, requirement, order, decision, desire, idea, opinion, plan等名词时，由that 引导的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。eg: The commander gave an order that the troops (should) advance ten miles.同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，无具体词义，在从句中也不作任何句子成分，同位语从句是完整的句子；定语从句中that的词义就是其修饰的名词或代词，并且在从句中充当主语或宾语，定语从句是不完整的句子。

8、The news that Tom is ill is true.The news that Tom gave us is true.2. 宾语从句：（1） 宾语从句的引导词主要有that，连接代词或副词，如what, which, where, how, why, 连词whether / if等。关系代词what也可引导宾语从句, eg:I want to tell you what Ive just heard.（2） whatever, whichever, whoever引导的宾语从句，eg:Ill do whatever you want (me to).（3） 在in, but,

9、except, save少数几个介词后可接that引导的宾语从句，且已成固定搭配，eg: This article is well written except that there are some misspelling. It is an attractive investment in that it is tax-free. 这个投资的诱人之处在于它是免税的。 Of his earlier years little is known, save that he studied music. 人们对于他的早年生活一无所知，只知道他学过音乐。（4）动词believe, expect, f

10、ancy, imagine, suppose, think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上，eg:I dont think hes telling the truth.3. 主语从句主语从句通常放在句首，但有时为了保持句子平衡，可用it作形式主语，采用It is +名词 / 形容词 / 分词 +主语从句的结构，eg:That he won 5 million dollars turned out to be a joke.It turned out to be a joke that he won 5 million dollars.It is quite clear th

11、at the whole project is doomed to failure.Its a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。4. whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；eg: Whether well have the picnic tomorrow will depend on the weather.(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；(3)whether or not可以连在一起用(or not只能放在句末)，而if or not则不能

12、;(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；eg: Im in a dilemma as to whether I should help him. I am not interested in whether she will come.(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；Eg: Whether he went there, I dont know.(6)在question, ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导；(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。5. 动词doubt用于肯定句式表示怀疑时，其后的宾语从句

13、用whether / if引导，意为“是否”用于否定句或疑问句时，其后的宾语从句用 that 引导, eg:I doubt whether he can pass the exam.I dont doubt that he can pass the exam.练习：1. The policeman came up to see _.A. what the matter is B. what the matter wasC. what was the matter D. what is the matter2. It was not until the headmaster came _.A.

14、and so the students got down to workB. did the students get down to workC. that the students got down to workD. then the students got down to work3. I wonder _ this kind of metal can be used in the construction industry.A. how B. whatC. about D. which4. _ I wanted to say.A. Such was what B. What was

15、 suchC. Such was that D. That was such5. No word came _ he joined them in playing football.A. that B. whetherC. which D. what6. Word came _ she died of old age.A. that B. whichC. in which D. how7. This is _ the question lies.A. what B. thatC. where D. how8. He stood there quite still, _ his lips mov

16、ed slightly.A. except for B. exceptC. except that D. except what9. _ is unknown to us all.A. When did she arrive B. When she arrivedC. That when she arrived D. In which she arrived10. I doubt _ he will come to see me.A. whether B. thatC. which D. what11. _ I was true that evening.A. It happened to B

17、. It happened thatC. That happened D. It is happened that12. I have no doubt _ we shall be able to do something for you.A. whether B. ifC. that D. what13. I wish I _ some use.A. could be of B. could beC. will be of D. will be14. _ you have written the letter in English will surprise your teacher.A.

18、What B. ThatC. Who D. How long15. He works too hard. That is _ is wrong with him.A. that which B. the whatC. what D. the thing what16. We must do _ the party _ us.A. as; tell B. as; tellsC. what; tell D. what; tells17. It was _ he worked hard that he succeeded.A. because B. forC. as D. since18. _ st

19、ill needs to be discussed.A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried outC. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan carried out19. Lanzhou is no longer _.A. what it used to be B. what it used to likeC. like it used to be D. what it used tokey:1-5: CCAAB 6-10: ACCBA11-15

20、: BCABC16-19: BABA二、关系从句（定语从句）定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如： There are occasions when （on which）one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is

21、the place where（in which）I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why（for which）he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？1. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别：（1） 非限定性定语从句中，引导词和先行词之间需用逗号隔开；（2） 限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分，去掉会造成句意不清；而非限定性定语从句只起补充说明的作用，其有无对句意影响不大，eg:He refused to reveal the man who had beaten him black and blue.I n

22、o longer live in Beijing, where air pollution did great harm to my health.This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.（3） 非限定性定语从句一般不能用 that 引导， 而要根据情况用who / whom / whose / which 引导。（4） Which引导的非限定性定语从句可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，eg: They compl

23、eted the project ahead of schedule, which is something we had not expected.He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。（5） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who

24、 was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 2. which/ who / whom与that:（1） 在定语从句中作宾语时可省略，eg: It is the only thing (that) we can do for you.（2） 先行词是不定代词时(all, much, few, little, some

25、, any, none, nothing, something, nothing, everything, anything), 只能用 that引导，eg: Thats all (that) I can do at the moment.（3） 先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时，关系代词多用who / whom, 不用that, eg: Is there anyone here who can speak English?（4） 先行词被形容词最高级及first, last, only, very, no

26、等词修饰时，关系代词一般用 that,不用which / who / whom, eg:He is the only person that I dislike in our class.This is the very pen that you are looking for.（5） 有两个或两个以上先行词兼指人和物时，关系代词用that, eg: A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc.3. as（1） as同such, the same, as (so)连用，引导限定性定语从句，e

27、g:Such people as wish to leave may do so now. 那些想离开的人现在可以走了。He is as brave a man as ever lived他是世界上最勇敢的人。 Dont read such books as are not worth reading不要读那些不值得读的书。The method used in the inspection shall be the same as stipulated in the contract.检验所用方法须与合同规定一致。 Ive got into the same trouble as he (ha

28、s). 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。（2） as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时, eg:As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.The telephone, as we all know, wa

29、s the invention of Bell.More American troops are being sent to the Middle East, as I have learned from the newspaper.常见的这类结构有：as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expe

30、cted, as is often the case, as has been pointed out, as often happens, as will be shown等。4. whosewhose 与名词搭配使用时，可以引导定语从句，在句中作主语或宾语; whose既可指人也可指物，eg:The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.那间玻璃碎了的屋子没有人住。5. 关系副词where / when / why 引导定语从句：（1） 关系副词在定语从句中只作状语: why (for which), where (at/ in whic

31、h), when (during / on which), eg:I dont know the reason why he was late.（2） where引导定语从句，相当于in / at which, eg:This is the room where I was born ten years ago.The accident has reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in. 事情发展到如此程度，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。 Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 他发现他到了有可能会失去控制飞机的地步。 6. 介词+whom / which结构（1） 这些介词大多是定语从句中某个词或短语的习惯搭配，eg: We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psycho