第二讲 英语中句子的成分讲解.docx

1、第二讲 英语中句子的成分讲解第二讲 句子中的成分几种成分：S = Subject 主语 V = verb 动词 =predicate 谓语O = object 宾语 P = predicative 表语 C = complement 补语 A = attributive 定语ADV = adverbial 状语主语 (Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。1.During th

2、e 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor.7.When we are going to have an Englis

3、h test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.9.There are many students in the classroom.谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep

4、the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如： Do you speak English？ They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、

5、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time

6、 is up. The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.宾语种类：（1） 双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Lend me your dictionary

7、, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2） 复合宾语（宾语+宾补）They elected him their monitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾

8、语ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如： He refused to lend me his bike. 下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, sugges

9、t等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。forget to do表示“未发生的动作”， forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow. (还没来)I forgot returning the book to him. (书已还给他了)宾语补足语（Object Complement）用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补

10、足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the la

11、b in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.定语（Attribute）修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in English ma

12、de us surprised.（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定语从句)状语（Adverbial）修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，

13、叫做状语（Adverbial）。1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin, you must continue.状语类型：1.How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）2.Las

14、t night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. （条件状语）4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. （地点状语）5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语）7.He was so tired that h

15、e fell asleep immediately. （结果状语）8.She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）9.I am taller than he is.（比较状语）10.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think

16、(suppose, believe-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.各种词类及其在句子中的作用：1. Nouns (n.) 名词：主语(S)，宾语(O)，表语(P)等2. Verbs (v.) 动词：谓语(V) （ vt. 及物动词 / vi. 不及物动词）3. Pronouns （pron.) 代词：主语，宾语，表语等4. Adjectives (adj.) 形容词：定语(At.) 表语 （P） e.g. The overcoat is very beautiful. This is a very beautiful overcoa

17、t.5. Adverbs (adv.) 副词：状语（Ad.)6. Numerals (num.) 数词：定语，表语，主语等 e.g. 25 (desks) _(be) enough.7. Articles (art.) 冠词：一般不单独构成句子成分8. Prepositions (prep.) 介词（in, at, on, ) 和prep. +n.介词短语：状语 (Ad.),表语等 e.g. We can see the bike under the tree. 9. Conjunctions (conj.) 连词 ( and, or, but, so)：一般不构成成分，仅起连接作用10. I

18、nterjections ( interj.) 感叹词 (ah, oh, yeah)：一般不构成成分，起加强语气作用Practice 1 指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：e.g. We are students. S P 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together earl

19、y in the morning.五种简单句基本句型：S+V （主+谓）S+V+P （主+系+表）S+V+O （主+谓+宾）S+V+IO+O （主+谓+间宾+直宾）S+V+O+C （主+谓+宾+宾补）基本句型一： +（主谓）此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二： + +（主系表） 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, feel,smell,t

20、aste,sound等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn,go等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义另:stay,prove,remain,stand.基本句型三: + +（主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。基本句型四: + +IO +（主谓间宾直宾） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接

21、承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。基本句型五: + + +（主谓宾宾补） 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。Practice 2 判断句子的基本类型,并标出每个成分的部分e.g. They work hard.(主+谓) S V1.The flower is dead.（ ）2.Plants need water. （ ）3.He gives me some seeds. （ ）4.We should keep the pl

22、ants in the shade. （ ）5.Many animals live in trees. （ ）由基本句式变形而来的复杂句 除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。下面以基本句型五（v+o+o.c）为例： We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。 We found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。 We fou

23、nd the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。 We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关

24、东欧局势的重要报告。不同位置的词意义不相同不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样，因此在学习动词时，应掌握动词的类型。以 get 为例： Hes getting angry. (S V P) He got through the window. (S V O) Youll get a surprise. (S V O) He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C) He got himself into trouble. (S V O C) He got her a splendid present. (S V 0 O)在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思

25、: I found the book easily. （S V O M）我很容易地找到了这本书。 I found the book easy. （S V O C）我觉得这本书很容易。 I have to do something. 我得做点事。 I have something to do. 我有点事做。 Practice 3 判断下列复杂句的基本句式1. Was it8oclock when youheardsomeone knocking at thedoor?2. Whomwouldyourather have fixthecar?3. Has thehouseMrZhanghasbee

26、nbrokeninto?4. Did that shewaschosenmakeherveryhappy?5. At last the soldiers reached what the locals called the Golden Triangle.6. The art center is what used to be a factory, where millions of tractors were made.7. The thought of going home to his family was all that kept him happy while he was working abroad .8. I am ashamed, sir, that I wasted the many hours when I should have studied in class.9. Teachers should create an environment in which children are taught how to solve problems of learning by themselves.