定语从句之专题一从定语从句原理可以推导出定语从句的绝大部分规则.docx

1、定语从句之专题一从定语从句原理可以推导出定语从句的绝大部分规则定语从句之专题一：从定语从句原理可以推导出定语从句的绝大部分规则 (本文选自魔方英语语法第十一章第四节。已经登记版权，请勿用于商业用途。)英语中的定语从句是难点，也是考试热点。什么是定语从句？修饰名词/代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词/代词叫做先行词。如，This is the boy who won the first prize.（This is the boy.是主句。who won the first prize是定语从句。the boy是先行词。who是引导词。）一. 定语从句原理学习定语从句，首先要搞清楚把简单句变为

2、定语从句的三个步骤。其次，在此基础上，搞清楚定语从句的先行词与引导词的三种关系。最终，把以上两块内容汇总为“定语从句的先行词与引导词总表”。下边具体讲解。1.如何把简单句变为定语从句？分为三个步骤：同指，替换，前移。同指。找出两句中指代同一事物的名词或代词。（并根据句意确定该把哪句变为定语从句）。替换。用疑问词替换这个名词/代词（或含有这个名词/代词的结构）。前移。把疑问词（或含有疑问词的结构）提前到句首。例句（两个简单句变为“主句+定语从句”）StepThis is the house. He lived in the house. （两个简单句）StepThis is the house.

3、 He lived in which （替换the house）StepThis is the house. He lived where （替换in the house）（可见，可以替换名词，也可以替换“介词+名词”）StepThis is the house which he lived in. （把which提前）StepThis is the house in which he lived. （把in which提前）（可见，可以把代词提前，也可以把“介词+代词”提前）StepThis is the house where he lived. （把where提前）（可见，先行词是名词时

4、，引导词可能是代词，也可能是副词，这得根据所作成分而定。）2.先行词与引导词的三种关系。先行词（不管是名词还是代词），总是名词性的，而相应的引导词则有三种可能：名词性代词，形容词性代词，副词。见下表，为什么有时先行词与引导词的词性不对等呢（如，先行词是名词，而引导词是副词）？因为，类似于“对划线部分提问”，对含有名词的结构提问，而非对名词提问。如，先行词是the house，对the house 提问，则引导词用which，对含有名词的结构in the house提问，则引导词用where。所以，引导词并非只代替名词，而是代替名词或含有名词的结构。分为三种情况：名词，用代词代替。“介词+名词”

5、，用副词代替。名词所有格，用whose代替。本节的二/三/四/五/六，其实反复讲的就是这个意思。例句（先行词与引导词的三种关系）This is the house.He lived in the house.This is the house which he lived in.（引导词是名词性代词）（对名词提问。he lived in the househe lived in whichwhich he lived in）This is the house.The houses roof is under repair.This is the house whose roof is unde

6、r repair.（引导词是形容词性代词）（对名词所有格提问。the houses roof is under repairwhose roof is under repair）This is the house.He lived in the house.This is the house where he lived.（引导词是副词）（对介词短语提问。he lived in the househe lived wherewhere he lived）3.定语从句的先行词与引导词总表（注1）。汇总1和2的讲解，可得，注1.此表也可以叫定语从句的引导词总表，为了强调先行词与引导词的关系，才加了

7、“先行词与”这几个字。注2. 先行词（不管是名词还是代词），都是名词性的。注3. when等是副词，“介词+whom/which”（介词短语）是副词性结构。注4. 一般地，定语从句的引导词都是由疑问代词/副词转换而来的，但是，有些词不是由疑问代词/副词转换而来的，如，that和as。that将在第四节.六.讲解。as在表中未列出，将在第四节.七.讲解。整个第四节（共22页）都是在此表基础上展开的。此表的关键在于：不是“一个先行词对应一个引导词”，而是“一个先行词对应多个引导词”（简称“不是一对一，而是一对多”）。到底该用哪个引导词呢？由引导词在从句中作什么成分决定。4.如何选择定语从句的引导词

8、？综上所述，应该“先看词性后看词义”。具体地，看词性，也就是看引导词在从句中作什么成分。看词义，也就是看引导词指代哪个先行词。如，指人还是指物。有些同学习惯于从“指人/指物”入手选择引导词。这种做法不能说错误，但是其作用十分局限。因为，从上边的“先行词与引导词总表”可以看出，通过“指人/指物”，只能辨析“who(m)/which”。仅以先行词“指人”的情况看，其对应的引导词就有四个。到底该用哪种，要通过“词性”来判断。例句（根据词性选择引导词）He is the man who/that bought a book for me.（作主语应该用代词主格）The boy who(m)/that

9、his father bought a book for is Bob.（作宾语应该用代词宾格）The boy whose father bought a book for him is Bob.（作定语应该用物主代词）They visited the town where I lived.（作状语应该用副词）They visited the town which/that I liked.（作宾语应该用代词）5.从定语从句原理可以直接推导出本节的第二至五小节的绝大多数内容。下图，二.who(m)/which引导定语从句如上页的“先行词与引导词总表”所示，who(m)指人，which指物，th

10、at指人或物，它们在定语从句中作主语/宾语/表语。（链接：关于that引导定语从句以及that/who(m)/which对比，将在本节第六小节集中讲解。）1. who(m)/which引导定语从句。Lining now is a successful entrepreneur. Lining used to be a player.Lining who used to be a player now is a successful entrepreneur.The 17th Asian Games was held in Incheon. Incheon lies in the northwe

11、st of South Korea.The 17th AG was held in Incheon which lies in the northwest of SK.2.引导词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语应该与先行词保持一致。这是因为，who/which/that等本身既可能是单数又可能是复数，如，who is/are，which is/are，或that is/are，从引导词本身看不出来单/复数，但是它们复指前边的先行词（引导词=先行词），所以，此时可以从先行词看引导词到底是单数还是复数。如，People who are nearsighted can only see things

12、 that are very close to their eyes.近视的人只能看到离他们眼睛很近的东西。I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.我是你的老师，将全力帮你。He is one of the students who have passed the exam.他是通过考试的一个学生。（one of+名词复数+who+谓语复数。主谓一致，可参看第二章第六节。）He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.他是唯一通过考试的学生。（the onl

13、y one of+名词复数+who+谓语单数。）分组对比练习题组15（把定语从句还原为简单句，并以此确定其引导词）1.This is the school_I once studied.2. This is the school_is the most famous the city.3. I am studied at a school_my father teaches English.还原为陈述句：I once studied at the school. The school is the most famous in the city. My school teaches Engli

14、sh at the school. 根据对划线部分提问的规则，第1和3小题填where，第2小题填写that/which。题组16（引导词作主语时，定语从句中谓语的数）1. She is one of the few girls who _ in the kindergarten. (1994,上海)A. is well paid B.are well paid C.is paying well D.are paying well分析：one of+名词复数+who+谓语复数。选B2. Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of t

15、he women who _ evening dress.(2010,全国)A. wear B. wears C. has worn D. have worn分析：the only one of +名词复数+who+谓语单数。选B。三. 如何确定“介词+which/whom定从”中的介词呢？如何确定“介词+which/whom定从”中的介词呢？应该把“介词+which/whom”还原到定语从句中，以便选择介词。具体讲有两种方法：根据先行词选择介词，根据从句动词选择介词。根据先行词确定介词，即，介词+名词，构成介词短语。如，This is the city in which I lived.（I

16、 lived in the cityI lived in whichin which I lived）The pen with which she wrote the letter is lost.（she wrote the letter with the penshe wrote the letter with whichwith which she wrote the letter）注意：“复合介词+which”引导的定语从句，常用倒装语序。（此时从句与主句之间用逗号隔开）。如，The old man lived in a small house, in front of which s

17、tood a tall tree.（可参看第十二章“倒装”）根据动词确定介词，即，动词+介词，构成动介短语。如，In the dark street, there wasnt a person to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上，她没有一个可以求助的人。（turn to a single personturn to whom）The woman about whom I talked at the meeting comes from Beijing.我在会议上谈到的那位女士来自北京。（talk about the womantalk about w

18、hom）注意：动介短语的固定搭配，介词不能提到句首，只能待在原地。如，This is the pen which/that Im looking for.（）。This is the pen for which Im looking.（）分组对比练习题组17（根据先行词确定介词）第16题考查“如何根据先行词选择介词”，第78题考查“定语从句中的倒装语序”。1. We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.(2008,上海)Awhich Bwhose Cin which Dwit

19、h which 分析：in a periodin which。选C。2. 100 is the temperature _ which water will boil.(2012,全国)A. for B. at C. on D. of句意：100度是水沸腾的温度。分析：at the temperatureat which。选B。3. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _they are being trained.（2005,江西） A. in that B. fo

20、r that C. in which D. for which分析：be trained for the jobbe trained for which。选D。4.She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction _ had taken more than three years.(2011,江西) Afor which Bwith which Cof which Dto which分析：the construction of the museumthe construction of which。选C。5. Human fa

21、cial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose.（2007,重庆） A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which分析：to the degreeto which。选B。6. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _ New York is an example (2008,四川) A. for w

22、hich B. in which C. of which D. from which分析：an example of the citiesof which。此题可以用来说明of which 从句也可以被分隔。选C。7. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. (2008,福建) A. that B. which C. from which D. above which分析：定语从句中用了倒装语序。选

23、D。8. The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains. (陷阱题)A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were分析：容易误选A或B。其实，定语从句中用了倒装语序。high mountains were around the factoryaround which were high mountains。选C。题组18（根据从句动词确定介词）1. Wind power is an ancient source of energywe may return i

24、n the near future. (2010,上海)A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which句意：风力是一种古老的能源，也许在不久的将来我们会再次依靠它。分析：we may return to wind powerwe may return to whichto which we may return。选C。2. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _ we gave some bells and gla

25、sses.（2006,湖南）A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which句意：我看到三个当地人向我们走来，其中一个人来到我们面前，我们给了他一些铃铛和眼镜。分析：we gave some bells and glasses to himwe gave some bells and glasses to whom。选B。3. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time.（2009,陕西）A.of which B. with which C. about wh

26、ich D.into which分析：不选B，因为，argue with sb.about/over sth.与某人争辩某事。选C。4. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.(2006,重庆)Aof which Bby where Cin which Dfrom which分析：she had come from the directionshe had come fr

27、om whichfrom which she had come。选D。四. whose与of whom/which引导定语从句的对比whose与of whom/which的用法，见下表，1.一般地，whose+名词=the+名词+of whom/which。如，I bought a bicycle. The bicycles handles were red.（两个单句）I bought a bicycle whose handles were red.（“whose+名词”引导定从）I bought a bicycle. The handles of the bicycle were red

28、.（两个单句）I bought a bicycle the handles of which were red.（“the+名词+of which”引导定从）注意，只有当作主语时，“the+名词+of which” =“of which the+名词”。如，I bought a bicycle the handles of which were red.（the+名词+of which）=I bought a bicycle of which the handles were red.（of which+the+名词）=I bought a bicycle whose handles were

29、 red.（whose+名词）2.不定代词/数词+of whom/which，只用在非限制性定语从句中，且此时的“of whom/which”不能用whose代替。（这里的不定代词有some, any, all, both, many, most等。数词有one, the first等。）（这里的“不能用whose代替”是很容易理解的，因为，显然没有“whose+不定代词或数词”这种结构。）Its a family of eight children, some of whom are studying music.Here are the questions, some of which I

30、 think difficult.（I think some of which difficultsome of which I think difficult）Here are many books, two of which he borrowed.（I borrowed two of whichtwo of which I borrowed）分组对比练习题组19（whose引导定语从句）1. The school shop,customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. (2011,四川) Awhich Bwhose

31、Cwhen Dwhere句意：这个学校商店其主顾大多是学生，放假就关门了。分析：whose可以指物。选B。2. Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. (2010,北京)A. what B. whose C. which D. that句意：不爱运动或者饮食热量偏高的孩子们会很快发胖。分析：children+ whoor whose，两个定语从句。whose可以指人。选B。3. Look out! Dont get too close to the house_ roof is u

32、nder repair.(福建高考题)A. whose B. which C. of which D. that句意：注意！不要离正在维修屋顶的那栋房子太近。分析：whose roof=the roof of which（这个结构在作主语/宾语/表语时都成立）= of which the roof（这个结构只有在作主语时成立）。选A。题组20（of which/whom引导定语从句）1. The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were covered with some small diamonds.（2008,陕西）A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which句意：那人拽出来一块金表，表的指针是用小钻石做成的。分析：the hands of which=whose hands。选D。2. Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of _ she spoke fluently.（201