最新生物试题练习题教案学案课件生物化学英文试题优秀名师资料.docx

1、最新生物试题练习题教案学案课件生物化学英文试题优秀名师资料生物试题练习题教案学案课件生物化学英文试题生物化学英文试题 1. List five principles that are central to our current understanding of living organisms. 2. Describe the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 3. Identify the functional groups in the following molecules: 4. Name four

2、 classes of small biomolecules. In what larger biomolecules are they found? 5. Define the following terms: a. biochemistry; b. oxidation; c. reduction; d. active rransport; e. leaving group; f. elmination; g. isomerization; h. nucleophilic substitution; i. reducing agent; j. oxidizing agent 6. List

3、two functions for each of the following biomolecules. 7. What are the roles of DNA and RNA? 8. How do cells obtain energy from chemical bonds? 9. How do plants dispose of waste products? 10. List the five kingdoms of living organisms. How many examples from each kingdom can you name? Which organisms

4、 are prokaryotic? What are eukaryotic? In which kingdoms are multicellular organisms found? 11. What is the difference between an unsaturated and a saturated hydrocarbon? 12. It is often assumed that biochemical processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are basically similar. Is this a safe assumption

5、? 13. What advantages do multicellular organisms have over unicellular organisms? 14. Assign each of the following compounds to one of the major classes of biomolecule: 15. Define the following terms: a. metabolism; b. nucleophile; c. cytoskeleton; d. lelctrophile; e. energy 16. What are organelles?

6、 In general, what advantages do they provide to eukaryotes? 17. Much of what is known about biochemical processes is a direct result of research using prokaryotic organisms. Most organisms, however, are eukaryotic. Can you suggest any reasons why so many research efforts have used prokaryotes? Why n

7、ot use eukaryotes directly? 18. What are the primary functions of metabolism? 19. Give an example of each of the following reaction processes: 20. Life on earth arose from nonliving molecules. Life is highly organized, and nonliving materials are disorganized. Is this seemingly spontaneous increase

8、in organization a violation of the second law of thermodynamics? Explain. 21. List several important ions that are found in living organisms. 22. What are the common types of chemical reactions found in living cells? 23. Biochemical reactions have been viewed as exotic versions of organic reactions.

9、 Can you suggest any problems with this assumption? 24. Describe several functions of polypeptides. 25. Carbohydrates are widely recognized as sources of metabolic energy. What are two other critical roles that carbohydrates play in living organisms? 26. What are the largest biomolecules? What funct

10、ions do they serve in living organisms? 27. Nucleotides have roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Give an example. 28. How is order maintained within living cells? 29. Name several waste products that animal cells produce. 30. Define the terms cell. 31. What evidence is there that a

11、ll cells have a common ancestor? 32. Draw a diagram of a bacterial cell. Label and explain the function of each of the following components: a. mesosome; b. nucleoid; c. plasmid; d. cell wall; e. pili; f. flagella 33. The outer boundary of most eukaryotic cells is a cell membrane, while the outer bo

12、undary of a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall. How do these structures differ in function? 34. Indicate whether the following structures are present in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells: a. nucleus; b. plasma membrane; c. endoplasmic reticulum; d. mesosome; e. mitochondria; f. nucleolus 35. Briefly defi

13、ne the following terms: a. exocytosis; b. biotransformation; c. grana; d. symbiosis; e. endosymbiosis; f. proplastids; g. thylakoid 36. How do lysosomes participate in the life of a cell? 37. Plastids, structures found only in , are of two types. These are , which are used to store starch and protei

14、n, and , which accumulate pigments. 38. List six pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiotic hypothesis. 39. What functions does the cytoskeleton perform in living cells? 40. Several pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Bacillus anthracis, the cause of anthrax) produce an outermost mucoid layer called a

15、 capsule. Capsules may be composed of polysaccharide or protein. What effect do you think this “coat” would have on a bacteriums interactions with an animals immune system? 41. Many eukaryotic cells lack a cell wall. Suggest several reasons why this is an advantage. 42. What are the two essential fu

16、nctions of the nucleus? 43. Eukaryotic cells are more highly specialized than prokaryotic cells. Can you suggest some advantages and disadvantages of specialization? 44. Both peroxisomes and mitochondria consume molecular oxygen. How do their functions differ? 45. A particular organelle found in a e

17、ukaryote is thought to have arisen from a free-living organism. The finding of what type of molecule in the organelle would strongly support this hypothesis? 46. What roles do plasma membrane proteins play in cells? 47. Name the two forms of endoplasmic reticulum. What functions do they serve in the

18、 cell? 48. Describe the functions of the Golgi apparatus. 49. The endosymbiotic hypothesis proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from aerobic bacteria. Is there any structural feature of these organelles that precludes their having been developed by eukaryotic cells? 50. In additio

19、n to providing support, the cytoseleton also immobilizes enzymes and organelles in the cytoplasm. What advantage does this immobilization have over allowing the cell contents to freely diffuse in the cytoplasm? 51. Which of the following are acid-conjugate base pairs? -2-3-2-a. HCO, CO; b. HPO, PO;

20、c. HCO, CO; d. H2O, OH 2332443352. What is the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution at pH 8.3? 53. Consider the following titration curve. Estimate the effective buffer range. 54. Describe how you would prepare a 0.1M phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.2. What ratio of salt to acid would you use? 5

21、5. Which of the following compounds can form hydrogen bonds with like molecules or with water? PO)? Assume 85% 56. What is the osmolarity of a 1.3M solution of sodium phosphate (Na34ionization for this solution. 57. What is the freezing point of a 2.8M solution of sodium nitrate (NaNO) and a 3M solu

22、tion of 3glucose? Assume 100% ionization of NaNO. 358. What direction does water flow when a dialysis bag containing a 3M solution of the sugar fructose is placed in each of the following solutions? a. 1M sodium lactate; b. 3M sodium lactate; c. 4.5M sodium lactate 59. What interactions occur betwee

23、n the following molecules and ions? a. water and ammonia; b. lactate and ammonium ion; c. benzene and octane; d. carbon tetrachloride and chloroform; e. chloroform and diethylether 60. A solution containing 56mg of a protein in 30mL of distilled water exerts an osmotic pressure of 0.01atm at T=25?.

24、Determine the molecular weight of the unknown protein. 61. Many fruits can be preserved by candying. The fruit is immersed in a highly concentrated sugar is allowed to crystallize. How does the sugar preserve the fruit? 62. Tyrosine is an amino acid. Which atoms in this molecule can form hydrogen bo

25、nds? 63. Briefly define the following terms: a. hydrogen bond; b. pH; c. buffer; d. osmotic pressure; e. colligative properties; f. isotonic; g. amphipathic; h. hydrophobic interactions; i.dipole; j. induced dipole 64. Which of the following molecules would you expect to have a dipole moment? a. CCl

26、; b. CHCl; c. HO; d. CHO CH; e. CH CH; f. H 4323333265. Explain why water has an unusually high heat capacity. Would you expect ammonia or methane to have high heat capacities? 66. Which of the following molecules would you expect to form micelles? a. NaCl; b. CHCOOH; c. CHCOONH; d. CH (CH)COONa; e.

27、 CH (CH) CH 33432 1032 10367. Which of the following molecules or ions are weak acids? Explain. 68. Which of the following species can form buffer systems? 69. Describe how you can increase the buffering capacity of 0.1M acetate buffer. 70. What effect does hyperventilation have on blood pH? 71. Whi

28、ch of the following are not colligative properties of water? 72. What is the relationship between osmolarity and molarity? 73. Explain why ice is less dense than water. If ice were not less dense than water, how would the oceans be affected? How would the development of life on earth be affected? 74

29、. Why cant seawater be used to water plants? 75. Explain how the acids produced in metabolism are transported to the liver without greatly affecting the pH of the blood. 76. Explain how waters high heat of vaporization makes steam an effective sterilizing agent. 77. The pH scale is valid only for wa

30、ter. Why is this so? SO). Assume 78. Calculate the boiling point of a 2M aqueous solution of sodium sulfate (Na24100% ionization of the electrolyte. 79. Is it possible to prepare a buffer consisting only of carbonic acid and sodium carbonate? 80. Gelatin is a mixture of protein and water that is mos

31、tly water. Explain how the water-protein mixture becomes a solid. -881. What is the pH of a solution that is 10 in HCl? 82. Reverse osmosis is thought to be an effective alternative to distillation for purifying of water. Do you think this process would require more or less energy than distillation?

32、 Explain. 83. Many molecules are polar, yet they do not form significant hydrogen bonds. What is so unusual about water that hydrogen bonding becomes possible? 84. Water has been described as the universal solvent. If this statement were strictly true, could life have arisen in a water medium? Explain. 85. Bicarbonate is one of the main buffers of the blood, and phosphate is the main buffer of the cells. Suggest a reason why this observation is true. 8