高中英语阅读技巧.docx

1、高中英语阅读技巧阅读理解技巧1、阅读理解概述 阅读理解是英语能力培养的重点项目，是高考的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。阅读理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的加工能力。阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度和理解力的正确率。因此，阅读理解的功夫应下在平时。多分析题型，多了解考点，真正做到有的放矢，提高命中率。2、高考中的测试要点1、理解主旨大意；2、寻读具体信息；3、理解细节；4、根据上下文提供的语境，推测生词词义，进而加深对文段的理解；5、简单的判断和理解；6、理解文段的基本逻辑结构；7、理解作者的意图和态度；8、理解文段的文化信息；9、理解图表信息；10、理解指代关系。三、高考阅读理解中的文体高

2、考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体，即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、why与how。描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。 说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文

3、章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手。文章的结构往往容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。 4、学生应具备的技能基于上述测试要点，学生在阅读过程中必须具备下列技能，才能获取和处理信息：1、

4、略读；2、找读；3、预测下文；4、理解大意；5、分清文章中的事实和观点；6、猜测词义；7、推理判断；8、了解重点细节；9、理解文章结构；10、理解图表信息；11、理解指代关系；12、理解逻辑关系；13、理解作者意图；14、评价阅读内容。要具备上述技能，应该做到：1、学会使用3500个左右的单词、400-500个合成词与派生词和400-500个习惯用语或固定搭配；2、除教材外，课外阅读量应累积达到30万词以上，换言之，长度300词左右的文段1000篇；3、能通过分析句子的结构理解难句和长句(能理解语言结构有一定难度或有一定新语言现象的文段)；4、能根据阅读目的和文段的不同，调整阅读速度和阅读方法

5、，阅读速度每分钟70-80词。除此之外，还要摒弃不良的阅读习惯。1“指读” 2“声读” 3“译读” 4“回读” 5“析读” 6“参照读” 7“视幅过窄”8“毛病”（bad habits）: 教学过程中，发现学生在阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作。有的同学晃头、颠腿、转笔、听音乐、咬指头、趴在桌子上、揪头发等等。 五、有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种: 命 主旨大意型 题 事实细节型 类 词义猜测型 推理判断型主旨大意题干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。干扰项 可能是从文中某些 (不完全的) 事 实或细节片面推出的错误结论。干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。(正确答案) : 据文章全面理解而归

6、纳概括出来的；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。【提问形式】1)What does the writer mainly tell us? 2)Which of the following can summarize the main idea of this text?3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea?4)Which is the subject discussed in the text?6)Whats the best title for this passage?【解题方法】1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子

7、。2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。（04年全国卷1（河南等）E篇中major出现过八次，尽管其词性、词义有所不同，但它就是关键词）。3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如：On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion thatGiven all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer

8、掌握了找主题句的方法，就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误，需要同学们注意。 1以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。 2过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。 3把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。 【实战演练】 In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more wo

9、rkers than ever before. The flood of cheaper for-eign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of

10、people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的）society.Question: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraphA. GM is one of the largest car producers.B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.C. The foreign cars have not taken away the j

11、obs of American autoworkers.D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.事实细节型干扰项 范围过大、过小 。干扰项 偷换概念。干扰项 正误并存，某个分句是正确的。【解题方法】 1、原文定位法。2、查读法：带着问题寻找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。细心！【解题要领】 主题思想只是文章的框架，作者在构思过程中，还必须对要表达的观点或信息进行具体的陈述，读者应能准确记住作者在陈述中谈到是何人、何处、何事、和何

12、时何故，这是十分重要的。因此，读者必须重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等。对于这类细节性的问题，多数文章都比较明显地提供了事实和细节，其答案必定在文章论述范围之内。读者应该找出文章中为所作的选择提供依据的单词和句子，而不能脱离原文去获取信息，也不能仓促地作出没有原文根据的假设。 细读是获取事实和细节不可缺少的方法之一，它使读者能够接受信息、记忆信息、分析信息，从而较深入地领会一篇文章。 这类题型主要有三种形式：问句式，不完整的陈述句和排除法。 1问句式 A其发问形式主要有以下几种： How did something happen? Which of the following people

13、should(not) do it? Which of the following did somebody have to deal with. ? Where should somebody do something? B解题技巧 在解这类题时，可采用“对号入座”的办法，即带着问题找句子，先看文章后面的问题(这常常被认为是非常有效的方法)，注意记忆关键的词语，如。人物、时间、事件等，确定每道题目的发问中心，也，就是说，某个问题是针对什么提问的。这样我们就可以带着问题去阅读文章，做到有的放矢。 把每个问题的发问中心反馈到原文中去。当读到有关解答发问中心的信息时，可在有关信息下面画一直线以示突

14、出。如果问题的顺序没有按顺序给出，可以在原文信息下画线的同时，把问题的题号也标出来，便于最后检查，并节约时间。在原文中找出对发问中心的解答信息后，可把原文信息放到问题中去，与每一选项进行对照，与原文信息相符的那项，即是正确的答案。 Cattle have served humanity since prehistoric(史前) days as beasts of burden and as supplier of leather, meat, and milk. Some of the earliest written records concern the sale of cattle.

15、These valuable animals are unusual in that they do not have front teeth in their upper jaw. Instead they chew with their back teeth and gums (齿龈). Cows swallow their food quickly and store it in the fat stomach or rumen, the first of the four compartments stomachs in their. Questions: According to t

16、he passage, what is the rumen? A. The first stomach compartment. B. The name of the upper jaw. C. The stomach where digestion (消化) takes place. D. The name of the bacteria(细菌) in the cows stomach. 带着发问中心及选择项目阅读原文。当我们读到rumen这个词时，可在它下面画一横线，紧接此词下面一句“first of the four compartments in their stomachs”，正是解

17、释rumen的，可在它的下面画一虚线并可标出题号和选择项。 2不完整的陈述句式 A常见形式有： Something can be best classified as . A certain kind of person is someone who . People are looking for better ways to . According to the author,“it”was caused by . B解题技巧： 这类题的答案与原文在字面上的差异很大，有时还要找出与前句的内容在逻辑上的联系，因此答这类题时准确理解是关键，一定要冷静，仔细分析。在做不完整的陈述式题目时候，仍可

18、参考上面列举的解题步骤。第一步，阅读题目，找出问题的发问中心。第二步，带着这些问题来阅读文章。第三步，根据前两步的分析和判断，选择出最符合题意的答案。 3排除式 A常见形式有： Which of the following are NOT mentioned in the passage? Which of the following is TRUE? Which of the following is NOT listed in . ? Which of the following is NOT included in the passage? B解题技巧： 做这类题时，首先要仔细阅读题后的

19、选项，牢记各个选项所阐述的不同内容，然后阅读原文。凡是原文中的信息与选择项内容相同的，我们可以在这些信息下面划线，以作为排除的内容。如果基本选项的内容在原文找不到相应的信息，那么该选项即为该题的答案。这类题与前两种题型不同，后者答案应包括在原文内容中，即与所述的事实具有直接或间接的联系，而前者的答案是被排除在原文内容之外的，因此在答题时要将与原文内容有关的三个选项排除，剩下的一个才是答案。 Life on LandLife on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water

20、 for perhaps as long as 3000 million years. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact ,no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the

21、 first land animals with the surrounding and food necessary, since they-the plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy. The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae (海藻) which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground an

22、d needed water in which to reproduce. Which of the following is TRUE? A. Algae have existed for more than 430 million years. B. It is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land. C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans. D. Evolution began after animals appeared on land.【实战演练】The

23、human body is a living machine, and like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it with energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water

24、 by 1?. The number of calories people need per day is different, as the chart shows Calories needed per dayBaby 750Office worker 2,700Child aged 8 2,100Woman feeding baby 2,700Man over 70 2,100Boy aged 16 3,000Woman 3,600Farmer 2,600Q1) _ calories are required to raise the temperature of 5kg of wate

25、r from 35?to 90?. A. 55 B. 175 C. 325 D. 275Q2) Which statement is TRUE according to the chart above?A. A child aged 8 requires more than 3 times the amount of calories that a baby does. B. A boy aged 16 requires nearly twice the amount of calories that a boy aged 8 does. C. An office worker require

26、s the same amount of calories per day as a woman feeding a baby does. D. A farmer requires nearly 1.5 times the amount of calories that an office worker does.词义猜测型【提问形式】 1. The word “” refers to / probably means / could best be replaced by _.2.The word “” is most likely to mean _.3. What do you thin

27、k the expression “” stands for?4. The underlined word “” means _.【做题要领】1）文中找线索或信息词;2) 根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意； 3）根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。4. 特别注意熟词新意！【解题方法】1. Definition 定义法：一般通过定义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。It will be very hard but very brittle that is , it will break easily.The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earn

28、s about 650 yuan a year.2. Contrast 对比法：利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。表示对比的词有but、while、however、 otherwise等。Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented.She is usually prompt for all her classes, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.3. Similarity 相似法：利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义。Cleaning up waterways

29、is an enormous task .The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.4. Cause&Effect 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。 One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible

30、to see all the exhibits in one day. 5. Example 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有for instance, for example, such as等 。Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.6. Word Formation 构词法：英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词

31、最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super- (超)，mini- (极小的, 微小的)，micro-（极微小的），re-（再，反复），mis-（误，恶）， im-（不），un-（不，非），in-（不，非），non-（不，非），-able（能的 ），-less（不，无） -wards (向)superman microwave nonnatural mispronouce homeless nonsmoker rebuild eastwards Im going to buy a microbus. 7. Context