分子生物学英文版.docx

1、分子生物学英文版hpte ucleic Acid1.Phsial nd emiclstuctu of DNADol-strandedhelxMajo ove a minor grooveBasepairng hwsrands e iparallel G+C ontt（erent C) atelite DNASaellit DA onts of igy repeitive DN and isso cale beauseetion of asrt DN quence te toroduce diffent freuec ofthe nuclotides aeie， ctosie,guie ad t

2、ymne, and hushavea diffenteniy ombulk DA - such that th or a ond or aeltebanwheomicDNA is eparat on densit grdient. 2. Aernt DA structrTwo bas hveee extuded om baestacking at he jctio. Th white line oes fophoshe o pospht alng the chain. is howred, Nblue, P yellw nd Cg3. Ciru nd suerhelicl NNA an lo

3、rm a doul-strandd， ovlentyoed crc hese ula lecule are oftenciled inta suphelx, the rmain owich is atlyzd by nzyes cale ooisomerases.4.Denaturon ofDNADenauatio： Atasitionfrm th nat o th eaturestateDNA deatrto： aso call DAmeling， iste proess b whicdobl-strde DN unwins nd separas into gle-traned strand

4、shrugh th reakin of rg boding betweenthe ases. Hyperhromicit Hperhromi efect: the triking incre asorance of DNA (260) csed by e eaturaton f e dobsraned DNA leculeelting peature (Tm) ：h empratur at wi haf fthDN strandsare intedoulehelic staead al arnated Thmelinemperature dends bohtheength he mocule,

5、 an the specic nucotide seqece ompositon o hatmoleule. Factors tingTmG cotent osme reagensthtincreasete olubility of the bases(anthing tha isrt H-bonds or basesackng）Salt conctratin pH Length5. RnaturaionStrands cne idud torent (annal) nderroper coniti. Facors to onser:Temprtur Salt concentraton NA

6、concentrtion TimeRpttivSequenes nique: SngCpyene Slihly repettive (2-10cpies) Mddle reeitive(10- hunrds) -Clstered -Dipered Highly rpetitve (undedto milions) -Sht sequecesin tllieA Squenes of nrmal length in era ges texstin ver lagenumbrC-vauePardoxher isapparently a lckof asciionbetween C-value (th

7、e aont N present ih aploid em f irentorgnisms ）and the egre ooanisml ompleityof rios muli-cellulroanis I 9, Thoasnmed tshoenon, “-value Paao”在每一种生物中其单倍体基因组的DN总量是特异的，被称为C值 (Clu）。 值和生物结构或组成的复杂性不一致的现象称为值悖论(-value paadx）。6.HbridizationHybidizatio: thetcniquewherei naured N is orme fromsearae siglstne am

8、pe.Heteodpx:renaturao cobned wthelcron crosp na rcedrealls telocalation of omn, istinc,an ising sequnces inNA.DNA-RNA ybridizati (rthern ybridization): the use of fteybrdiation to dtet sequenc omplementarity between asinglestrnd of DNA and an RNAmoleue.7. The tuctur of NATys: mRN， t, NADistncons:rib

9、oerepcoxribe；- U replas ; Sne-stranedCoformatin: stm-oo hrpn8. Hydlys f nuceic cidTe phphodietr bonds of bothD ad RNcab bokn byhydrolsi eitcemicalyo ezmatically.Ribymes:the RNA enzyme,are able o cleave adormpecfic phsphodieser bndin mann analogou to oein enzs.Chae 6 h gentic ateiae Pah to the Wtso a

10、dCiModel1928,Griffi,tranforationin pneumccc（肺炎球菌)144， e,riths trnfrmin prncile was DN1950, Caf， pattrn i he amontsof e for bae 952, erhe ad Chae, N i thegeneicmateial953, Frnlin，th -raypicure of NAhargafs ruleIn the D f allspecies exmined， A=T,=Ch totalamount ofpuries (+G)=pyimidine (T+) inDNTe rati

11、onof(AT)/（GC) arfr ecis o speciesDA popetie ad fntins1.DNAs the abiity to storneti inrmation, wch an be expresed in the cel a need.2.Thisnormaion ca etransmittedodughteclls withinial rr.(This proces ruie compl enzmes adrepai mhaniss.）3.DNA pssesss bothphical ndheic stabiliy infot is not lost over lo

12、rioo ie(yers）.4.DN ha t potent for heritale hanewithumajor lossof retaliomation.N-eicateril: ublestranded NA has evolved as te eneticmaealbeus it is espeally wel-suited f replicton,ea,ocasional chne, adlg-tietaiity.Gn： ens cotainall e informaton f th synhesis ad functionin of celulr compnnsTranscrpt

13、n:tepoesof snthesiin RNA moleculesfroaDN tlt.Triplets codons：e RA nuclotideeqece isred (o riboses) n seqentialgoups oftree ases.tion: t proc b which a aseseec chags.The ctl dogm: DNA mae RNA, mkes proe.chaptr 7 DNAreicatioSmiconseative repiatin odol-sraned NAntwisting ofghy coled DA i reuied for DA

14、rplicaionoposomease ype :orkhe ofrtin DNAMechaniMakes cut in one trnd, psses other sad throgh it.Seals apRsul：th DNA s “elaxed” soeatGyrase- e II TopoioeraseInrousnegive supercoilsbreasbth stradsectio cated wa fom actual cut is hepassed thruh ut sie. InitatioofDA eplcatoRlcain nitate a ecf sites:rii

15、n Rlication(ori) ypes oiniiaton:De v Synhsis intiatd wih RNArimr. Mst comonCovalentxtensionsynthesisf nw stras exnio of anld tnd (“Rollng Crcle”). Lmtet certain ruses.De ovo IitiationBnngoOrC by DnaA rtien trandsRpltio predbiirectionaovalen extnsionitiio RigCircleUwndingof DN for repicatoneics：Breas

16、 hydroe bonds an limiate yrophobic ineractions eeds ener plied by ATP ncoed by the Da gene inEoliinge-srnd DA ndngpoteins(B):Bid tthe psed srands, oat them andblck t e-anealng ocessEogationo newly snesizedstds1.Tpolmeriatonreactin adt oymersesEnzym: pomersIIeed: bstes,temlt，rierDtin： 3.Correcing mis

17、atched bassThe 53 eonucase ctvity of o atasnl-strand brek(nick) can ocr smultausly wiholymeriztion-niraslationDNpolymerse IIconistsf multipl subuntsPo I dpol IIar nedn E.coi NA replication. Pol IIIis themajorpolymerae. t ly I ad ply II osss a roreading eing funion (-5 exnuclese ativty )The53 exoulas

18、etvity ofpo Iat a silestrand bea(ick)caoccruteuly with pomrizatin-nick anlation. DA olmeIII cnssts omulipesut. A knon poyma can work lynthe -P 3OHrecin.Pol Iad p III hve me featue n cmn: 5 poyeriztn aciityhe our doxynuleoside5-trsphat primerwith afre OA teplt -5exonulease aciviAniralle DNA strands a

19、ddicotinuus repliatnTe two stasof DN s atipallel de replini discntinuos sthis.A pimeri qire f chain iniiat andtwo deren enzymes (RNA polymeaeand pris) arnow to synthesie mer RNA molcules.DA lge ji ecusor faents nd po I well a RNa H partcipates ithermoal of prmr.N polymerase: iitiaon of eadig-trad sn

20、thsisimase: ynthsis of rmsforlaggg-tandrmosoe:helicasprimsecoexPol I： val of te prime andeplacemen ofDNAN gse： oiingtheagment (ap saled)hecompleteDNA repicatn sysemBictiol replication spee u DNAsyesisplicationofeuartic chromosomes1.Eukaryotes hveore ndlare crooms.2.Ekaryotic rplcatio mayrequr s u 6-

21、8 hors frcompltn vrsusth40muteseded byE.cl.3.Tee are mltple, ather than a ile,rplicton rigin long ekryoi comosome.They are spacedabout20kb aart.4.Eukaryotic NA rplication is t the rateabut1-10nuceotidespeecond as posed to the okaryticrate about 0 ncleotie psecond.5.A least fie typs of NA polymerass

22、hav be fun in eukaryotc els. 真生物DA的复制有DNA聚合酶及多种蛋白质因子参与，DNA聚合酶也有多种类型。其中DN Pol及DNP在细胞核内A的复制中起主要作用。DA Pol催化前导链及滞后链的合成,是主要负责DA复制的酶。DA Pol的功能主要是引物合成。NPol是线粒体中的复制酶。 Chapt 8 Tancrpon1. Ezymacsyntess f NAE. liN plmasHoloenzyme:re enym: 2factr(1)Bding o RNA oltoa teplate at spific st(2)Iitiation(3) Chin elon

23、atin（4）hain temnation an rlase.rnscrion sigasIn porte, the proer onsist f wo short squences t -10nd 35 posios upseam frmthe trascrptontart ite the -10 eeent :ribnowbox， uslly consist TA, sbsotly essenialt tr trancrpton inparytes.the 5elemn :usuly consss TTG. It preence allwa ve igh ransription rat.In prayots：n ekroe:einatio erminatio ofNAynhesioccs t secfi ase-eqnces n theDN mlu, cal trinaors. Intinc terminators: roiepndttrinatos, th tmination sequences allow RNymerae t terminateelogaion spntaneou. rh-dependetteinator: is depnet o a speic rote