分子生物学英文版.docx

上传人:b****6 文档编号:6154378 上传时间:2023-01-04 格式:DOCX 页数:37 大小:179.62KB
下载 相关 举报
分子生物学英文版.docx_第1页
第1页 / 共37页
分子生物学英文版.docx_第2页
第2页 / 共37页
分子生物学英文版.docx_第3页
第3页 / 共37页
分子生物学英文版.docx_第4页
第4页 / 共37页
分子生物学英文版.docx_第5页
第5页 / 共37页
点击查看更多>>
下载资源
资源描述

分子生物学英文版.docx

《分子生物学英文版.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《分子生物学英文版.docx(37页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。

分子生物学英文版.docx

分子生物学英文版

Chapter3NucleicAcid

1. Physicalandchemical structureofDNA

●Double-stranded helix

● Majorgrooveandminorgroove

● Base pairing

●The two strandsareantiparallel

●G+Ccontent (percentG+C)

●SatelliteDNA

SatelliteDNAconsistsofhighlyrepetitiveDNAandis socalledbecause repetitionsofa shortDNAsequencetendto produceadifferentfrequencyof thenucleotidesadenine,cytosine, guanineandthymine,andthus have adifferent densityfrom bulkDNA-suchthattheyformasecondor'satellite' band when genomic DNAisseparatedona densitygradient.

2.AlternateDNAstructure

Twobaseshave beenextrudedfrombase stackingatthejunction.Thewhitelinegoesfrom phosphatetophosphatealongthechain.Oisshown red,N blue,PyellowandC grey.

3.CircularandsuperhelicalDNA

DNAcanalsoformadouble-stranded, covalently-closedcircle.Thesecircularmoleculesareoften coiledinto asuperhelix,theformationof whichiscatalyzedbyenzymescalledtopoisomerases.

4. Denaturationof DNA

Denaturation:

A transition fromthenativetothedenatured state

DNAdenaturation:

alsocalledDNA melting,is theprocessbywhich double-strandedDNAunwindsandseparatesintosingle-strandedstrands throughthebreakingofhydrogenbondingbetween thebases.

Hyperchromicity/ Hyperchromiceffect:

thestrikingincrease inabsorbanceofDNA(A260)causedbythedenaturationofthedouble-strandedDNAmolecule

Meltingtemperature(Tm):

 thetemperatureatwhichhalfof the DNAstrands arein the double-helicalstate andhalfare denatured.The melting temperaturedependsonboth the length ofthemolecule,andthespecificnucleotidesequencecompositionofthat molecule.

FactorsAffecting Tm

●G-Ccontentof sample

●reagents that increase thesolubilityofthebases (anythingthatdisruptsH-bondsorbase stacking)

● Saltconcentration

●pH

●Length

5.Renaturation

Strandscan beinducedto renature(anneal)under properconditions.Factorstoconsider:

● Temperature

●Saltconcentration

●DNAconcentration

●Time

Repetitive Sequences

●Unique:

Single Copy Genes

●Slightlyrepetitive(2-10 copies)

●Middlerepetitive (10-hundreds)

--Clustered

--Dispersed

●Highlyrepetitive(hundreds tomillions)

 --Shortsequences insatellite DNA

--Sequencesofnormallengthincertaingenesthat exist inverylarge numbers

C-value Paradox

Thereis apparentlyalack ofassociation betweenC-value(theamountof DNApresentin thehaploidgenomeofdifferent organisms)andthedegreeof organismalcomplexity ofvariousmulti-cellular organisms.In1971,Thomas namedthis phenomenon,“C-valueParadox”.

在每一种生物中其单倍体基因组的DNA总量是特异的,被称为C值(C Value)。

C值和生物结构或组成的复杂性不一致的现象称为C值悖论(C-valueparadox)。

 

6. Hybridization

Hybridization:

the technique whereinrenaturedDNAisformedfrom separatesingle-strandedsamples .

Heteroduplexing:

 renaturationcombinedwith electronmicroscopyin aprocedure allowsthe localizationofcommon,distinct,andmissingsequencesin DNA.

DNA-RNAhybridization(Northernhybridization):

theuseoffilter hybridizationtodetectsequencecomplementaritybetweena single strandofDNAandanRNA molecule.

7.ThestructureofRNA

Types:

mRNA,tRNA,rRNA

Distinctions:

- ribose replaces deoxyribose;

-UreplacesT;

-Single-stranded

 Conformation:

stem-loop orhairpin

8.Hydrolysisofnucleicacid

Thephosphodiesterbondsofboth DNAandRNA can bebrokenby hydrolysiseither chemically orenzymatically.

Ribozymes:

 theRNAenzymes, areabletocleaveand form specificphosphodiesterbonds inamanneranalogoustoproteinenzymes.

Chapter6 Thegeneticmaterial

ThePathtotheWatsonand Crick Model

1928, Griffith, transformation inpneumococci(肺炎球菌)

1944,Avery, Griffith’stransformingprinciplewasDNA

1950,Chargaff,apatternintheamounts ofthefourbases

1952,HersheyandChase,DNAisthe genetic material

1953,Franklin, thex-ray pictureofDNA

Chargaff’srule

IntheDNAofall speciesexamined,A=T, G=C

Thetotal amountof purines(A+G)=pyrimidines(T+C)in DNA

Theration of (A+T)/(G+C)varies fromspeciestospecies

DNApropertiesandfunctions

1.DNA hastheabilitytostore geneticinformation,whichcanbeexpressedinthecellasneed.

2.This informationcanbe transmitted to daughter cellswith minimalerror. (Thisprocessrequirescomplexenzymesand repairmechanisms.)

3.DNApossessesboth physicaland chemicalstabilitysoinformationisnotlostoverlong periods oftime (years).

4.DNAhasthepotentialforheritablechange without majorloss ofparental information.

DNA-genetic material:

Double-strandedDNAhasevolvedasthegenetic material becauseitisespeciallywell-suitedforreplication, repair, occasionalchange,and long-time stability.

Gene:

Genescontain alltheinformationforthesynthesisandfunctioningofcellularcomponents.

Transcription:

 the process ofsynthesizingRNAmolecules from a DNAtemplate.

Triplets/codons:

 theRNAnucleotide sequenceis read(onribosomes)insequential groupsof threebases.

Mutation:

theprocessbywhichabase-sequencechanges.

Thecentraldogma:

DNAmakesRNA,makesprotein.

chapter7DNA replication

Semiconservativereplicationof double-strandedDNA

Untwistingof highlycoiledDNAisrequiredforDNAreplication

TopoisomeraseTypeI:

•Work aheadof replicatingDNA

•Mechanism

–Makesa cutinonestrand,passesotherstrandthroughit. Sealsgap.

–Result:

 theDNAis“relaxed”somewhat

Gyrase--ATypeIITopoisomerase

–Introduces negativesupercoils

–breaks bothstrands

–Sectionlocatedawayfromactualcutisthen passedthroughcutsite.

Initiation of DNAreplication

•Replicaioninitiatedatspecificsites:

 Originof Replication (ori)

•TwoTypesof initiation:

–Denovo–Synthesisinitiatedwith RNA primers.Mostcommon.

–Covalent extension—synthesis ofnewstrand asanextensionofan oldstrand(“RollingCircle”).Limited tocertainviruses.

DenovoInitiation

•Binding to Ori CbyDnaAprotein

•OpensStrands

•Replicationproceeds bidirectionally

Covalentextension initiationRolling Circle

Unwinding ofDNAforreplication

Helicase:

⏹ Breakshydrogenbondsandeliminateshydrophobicinteractions

⏹NeedsenergysuppliedbyATP

⏹EncodedbytheDnaBgenein E.coli

Single-strandDNAbinding proteins (SSB):

Bindto theexposedstrands,coatthemand blockthere-annealingprocess.

Elongation ofnewlysynthesized strands

1.The polymerization reactionand thepolymerases

Enzyme:

polymerase III

Needed:

substrates, template, primer

Direction:

5’→3’

2. Correctingmismatchedbases

The5’-3’exonucleaseactivityofpolI at a single-strandbreak (nick)canoccursimultaneouslywith polymerization----nick translation.

DNA polymeraseIII consists ofmultiplesubunits

⏹PolIand polIII arebothinvolved inE.coliDNAreplication.PolIII isthe major polymerase.

⏹BothpolyIandpolyIIIpossessaproofreadingoreditingfunction(3’-5’exonucleaseactivity).

⏹ The 5’-3’exonuclease activityof polI atasingle-strandbreak (nick) can occur simultaneouslywithpolymerization----nicktranslation.

⏹DNApolymerase IIIconsistsof multiple subunits.

⏹Allknownpolymerasescanworkonly in the5’-P→3’-OH direction.

PolI andpolIIIhavesomefeaturesincommon:

●5’-3’polymerizationactivity

Thefourdeoxynucleoside 5’-triphosphates

Aprimer witha free3’-OH

Atemplate

●3’-5’ exonucleaseactivity

AntiparallelDNAstrandsand discontinuousreplication

⏹Thetwostrands ofDNAisantiparalleland thereplication isdiscontinuoussynthesis.

⏹ Aprimer isrequiredforchaininitiationand twodifferentenzymes(RNApolymerase andprimase)are knowntosynthesizeprimerRNAmolecules.

⏹ DNAligasejoinsprecursorfragmentsandpolIas wellasRNaseHparticipatesin the removalofprimer.

RNApolymerase:

initiationofleading-strandsynthesis

Primase:

synthesisofprimers for lagging-strand

Primosome:

 helicase/primase complex

PolI:

removaloftheprimerand replacementof DNA

DNAligase:

joining the fragment(gapsealed)

The complete DNAreplicationsystem

BidirectionalreplicationspeedsupDNA synthesis

Replication of eukaryoticchromosomes

1.Eukaryoteshave moreand largechromosomes.

2.Eukaryoticreplicationmay requireasmuchas 6-8hoursfor completionversus the 40 minutes neededby E.coli.

3.Therearemultiple,ratherthanasingle, replicationoriginsalongeukaryoticchromosomes. Theyarespaced about 20 kbapart.

4.EukaryoticDNAreplicationisattherate of about 10-100 nucleotides per secondasopposedtotheprokaryotic rateof about1500nucleotidesper second.

5.AtleastfivetypesofDNApolymeraseshavebeenfoundineukaryoticcells.

   真生物DNA的复制有DNA聚合酶及多种蛋白质因子参与,DNA聚合酶也有多种类型。

其中DNAPolα及DNA Polδ在细胞核内DNA的复制中起主要作用。

DNAPolδ催化前导链及滞后链的合成,是主要负责DNA复制的酶。

DNAPolα的功能主要是引物合成。

DNA Polγ是线粒体中的复制酶。

Chapter8 Transcription

1.Enzymatic synthesisofRNA

E.Coli RNApolymerase

Holoenzyme:

coreenzyme:

α2ββ’ω

σfactor

(1)BindingofRNApol to atemplateatspecificsite

(2) Initiation

(3)Chainelongation

(4) Chainterminationandrelease

2. Transcriptionsignals

Inprokaryotes,thepromoterconsistsoftwoshortsequencesat-10 and-35positionsupstreamfrom thetranscription startsite.

●the-10element:

Pribnow box,usuallyconsistsTATAAT,is absolutelyessential tostarttranscriptionin prokaryotes.

●the-35 element:

usuallyconsistsofTTGACA.Itspresenceallows averyhightranscriptionrate. 

Inprokaryotes:

Ineukaryotes:

Termination

 Terminationof RNA synthesis occursatspecificbase-sequencesinthe DNAmolecule,calledterminators.

•Intrinsicterminators:

rho-independent terminators,theterminationsequencesallowRNA polymerasetoterminate elongationspontaneously.

•rho-dependent terminators:

it isdependentonaspecificprote

展开阅读全文
相关资源
猜你喜欢
相关搜索

当前位置:首页 > 自然科学

copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有

经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1