GMAT 语法.docx

1、GMAT 语法1While /Althoughwhile一般用在非正式英语中。正式英语中，while表示对比概念的时候，两个事物要是同时发生的。（进一步说明了while表达两个动作同时发生的特性）whereas则是重点表示事物的强对比性，而两者不一定是同时发生的。在当同时出现while和whereas，而句子是要表达两者的强对比概念时，应该使用whereas而although是表示让步的意思。用while/whereas/although 主要还是看句子意思。强调同时发生用while，强调对比用whereas，表让步用althoughIn each sentence, select the b

2、est choice for formal writing:While /Although the method is efficient for most applications, it can produce errors when small, irregularly shaped specimens are tested. Place the sample into the rig while / whereas the power is off. The Structures Division had responsibility for the fan blade design,

3、 while /whereas the Materials Division was to develop the composite material for the blade. (The two projects are not necessarily happening at the same time.) While /Although the experiment was thermal cycling, an inert atmosphere was maintained to avoid oxidation of the aluminum framework. The sing

4、le-crystal material is somewhat stronger, while /whereas the composite is significantly lighter. Make sure that excessive pressure is not applied while / whereas the surfaces are in contact with each other.205. The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the a

5、ir flowing over them; the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are known as standing waves.(A) crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are(B) crests and troughs

6、 that remain stationary although they are formed by rapidly moving air, are(C) crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is(D) stationary crests and troughs although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are(E) stationary crests and troughs al

7、though they are formed by rapidly moving air, is158. With only 5 percent of the worlds population, United States citizens consume 28 percent of its nonrenewable resources, drive more than one-third of its automobiles, and use 21 times more water per capita than Europeans do.(A) With(B) As(C) Being(D

8、) Despite having(E) Although accounting for233. Recently implemented shift-work equations based on studies of the human sleep cycle have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, fatigue among shift workers, and have raised production efficiency in various industries.(A) fatigue among shift workers, an

9、d have raised(B) fatigue among shift workers, and raised(C) and fatigue among shift workers while raising(D) lowered fatigue among shift workers, and raised(E) and fatigue among shift workers was lowered while raising69. Although she had signed a pledge of abstinence while being an adolescent, Franc

10、es Willard was 35 years old before she chose to become a temperance activist.(A) while being an adolescent (B) while in adolescence(C) at the time of her being adolescent(D) as being in adolescence(E) as an adolescentA中while being不简洁.基本上一定错. 除了being不好以外,是不是逻辑上也不合理.因为signed是一个瞬间的动作,而青春期是一段时间.用while连接

11、,意思会有歧义,仿佛他sign誓言这个动作伴随着整个青春期.所以当有E这个更清晰的选项在的时候,就要选E. E的as是介词,作为.来翻译.表明他以什么身份sign这个文件.注：1.when/while/although 作状语修饰句子时， be 动词 不宜变成现在分词形式与while 一起, 其他实义动词则可以变成现在分词形式与while 一起.2.两种结构：while/although + 句子， andwhile/although + 现在分词 毫无疑问都是可以的。但while/although +名词的结构不允许。我觉得while/although+现在分词,其实是一种省略:当while

12、/although从句主语和主句的主语一致时候,可以省略掉从句主语: She met Andy while (she was)working on a production of Carmen.延伸出去的一点看法就是,做题时候,遇到while+分词形式,要记得看看这个省略的主语和主句的主语是否一致,是否逻辑合理,否则也要排除之.这个例子出现在WHILE作连词词性下面。2.when/whatwhen是副词while是连词，除了都表示“当时候”以外，while还有尽管的意思while，有与此同时的意思，同时发生的意味，一般ing多一些。J is running while K is sleepin

13、g强调动作的同时发生when 范围更广一些，同时发生的意味没有while来的重3.what我的一点个人看法：what就是the reason for.因此主语是the reason ，谓语用单数1，首先，单个what丛句作主语，主句用单数谓语永远都是对的。在某些情况下既可以用单数也可以用复数。用单数永远安全，有些时候可以用复数。根据这个原则，B比A好（即使不理解为什么）。2，这一题用单数的原因： what is much more difficult to determine is the reason +定语。 what is和the reason（ 也是单数）已经决定了谓语必需用单数，fo

14、r后的定语不用理睬。what分句的谓语和主语补语都是复数，主句可以用复数谓语，当然用单数也对；the reason是主语补语，如果主语补语是复数the reasons，谓语可以用复数，当然用单数也对。While digging in the Egyptian desert, huge fossil bones have been found by paleontologists, which appears to have been the second most massive dinosaur that ever lived.D) paleontologists have found hu

15、ge fossil bones from what appears to be原句中的, which指代不清。what 就是 the thing that，是个n+连词的关系。WHAT在定语从句中的考点 WHAT在定语从句中的考点 1、 句子1+ vt +what+ 句子22、 句子1 +介词+what+句子2I will buy the book for which you look.I will look for what you will buy重点：“介词+which”结构的前面必须为名词， “介词+what”结构的前面不能是名词同例：It is difference from whi

16、chIt is different from what3、 使用时，what优先于n.+conjunction。.例That that the boss said is true astonished us.That what the boss said is true astonished us.二句优于一句 17. (25335-!-item-!-188;#058&002335) The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to pursue what they had not previo

17、usly considered possible-better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as measles and yaws. (A) what they had not previously considered possible-better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as (B) what they had not previously considered a possibility-better con

18、trol, if not eradication, of such infections like (C) something they had not previously considered possible-better control, if not eradication, of such infections as (D) something not considered a previous possibility-better control and perhaps eradication, of other infections such as (E) the possib

19、ility of what they had not previously considered-better control and possibly eradication of infections like GWD21-Q27:The electronics company has unveiled what it claims to be the worlds smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs less than 1

20、1 ounces.A.to be the worlds smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighsB.to be the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, weighingC.is the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, whi

21、ch is as long as a handheld computer, and it weighsD.is the worlds smallest network digital camcorder, which is as long as a handheld computer and weighsE.is the worlds smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, weighingGWD21-Q10:Researchers in Germany ha

22、ve unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of humanancestors who systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.A.it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors w

23、hoB.it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestorsC.appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestorsD.appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestorsE.appears th

24、at it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who碰到what 引导的从句最重要是分清what在从句中作什么成分。在GWD21-Q27中，what作后面claims的宾语，it为主语也就是the company, 正常的陈诉语序下就是it（the company）claims what to be.而在GWD21-Q10中what作后面从句的主语，发出appears 这个动作，所以it多余。 68. The rst trenches that were cut into a

25、 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq. (

26、这句话里面 in what 是引导状语从句的吧？= great ice sheets existed where are now temperate areas)(A) that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but(

27、B) that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also(C) having been cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong ev

28、idence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but(D) cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultane

29、ously but also(E) cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with butOG11-59His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of

30、 present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas.(A) in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas(B) in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas(C)

31、when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate(D) when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas(E) when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate其实in what在此就是in which. in that的话不是引导定语从句，而是引导原因状语从句的。你可以直接把what替换为which就能看明白了。关于整个结构，因为in what可以看做引导adver

32、bial clause，所以可以用there代替整个adverbial clause后来看，即：in which great ice sheets existed there. in在此做介词，what引导名词性从句，in+what从句就起状语作用，这样理解没有问题。另外从本质上理解，前面我说的直接把what替换为which是为了便于理解in what are now temperate ereas是状语从句引导词。如果真的要把定语从句还原为陈述语气直接替换which还是有点纰漏的，因为没有补出先行词。如果要还原的话必须以what= that which来替换，that作为先行词(曾有题目出迷惑选项把what替换成that which，而that which的表达不简洁也不符合习惯，所以要直接用what)，即 in which great ice sheets existed in that which ar