GMAT 语法.docx

GMAT 语法.docx

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GMAT语法

1．While/Although

while一般用在非正式英语中。

正式英语中，while表示对比概念的时候，两个事物要是同时发生的。

（进一步说明了while表达两个动作同时发生的特性）

whereas则是重点表示事物的强对比性，而两者不一定是同时发生的。

在当同时出现while和whereas，而句子是要表达两者的强对比概念时，应该使用whereas

而although是表示让步的意思。

用while/whereas/although主要还是看句子意思。

强调同时发生用while，强调对比用whereas，表让步用although

Ineachsentence,selectthebestchoiceforformalwriting:

While/Althoughthemethodisefficientformostapplications,itcanproduceerrorswhensmall,irregularlyshapedspecimensaretested.

Placethesampleintotherigwhile/whereasthepowerisoff.

TheStructuresDivisionhadresponsibilityforthefanbladedesign,while/whereastheMaterialsDivisionwastodevelopthecompositematerialfortheblade.（Thetwoprojectsarenotnecessarilyhappeningatthesametime.）

While/Althoughtheexperimentwasthermalcycling,aninertatmospherewasmaintainedtoavoidoxidationofthealuminumframework.

Thesingle-crystalmaterialissomewhatstronger,while/whereasthecompositeissignificantlylighter.

Makesurethatexcessivepressureisnotappliedwhile/whereasthesurfacesareincontactwitheachother.

205.Thepeaksofamountainrange,actinglikerocksinastreambed,produceripplesintheairflowingoverthem;theresultingflowpattern,withcrestsandtroughsthatremainstationaryalthoughtheairthatformsthemismovingrapidly,areknownas"standingwaves."

（A）crestsandtroughsthatremainstationaryalthoughtheairthatformsthemismovingrapidly,are

（B）crestsandtroughsthatremainstationaryalthoughtheyareformedbyrapidlymovingair,are

（C）crestsandtroughsthatremainstationaryalthoughtheairthatformsthemismovingrapidly,is

（D）stationarycrestsandtroughsalthoughtheairthatformsthemismovingrapidly,are

（E）stationarycrestsandtroughsalthoughtheyareformedbyrapidlymovingair,is

158.Withonly5percentoftheworld'spopulation,UnitedStatescitizensconsume28percentofitsnonrenewableresources,drivemorethanone-thirdofitsautomobiles,anduse21timesmorewaterpercapitathanEuropeansdo.

（A）With

（B）As

（C）Being

（D）Despitehaving

（E）Althoughaccountingfor

233.Recentlyimplemented"shift-workequations"basedonstudiesofthehumansleepcyclehavereducedsickness,sleepingonthejob,fatigueamongshiftworkers,andhaveraisedproductionefficiencyinvariousindustries.

（A）fatigueamongshiftworkers,andhaveraised

（B）fatigueamongshiftworkers,andraised

（C）andfatigueamongshiftworkerswhileraising

（D）loweredfatigueamongshiftworkers,andraised

（E）andfatigueamongshiftworkerswasloweredwhileraising

69.Althoughshehadsignedapledgeofabstinencewhilebeinganadolescent,FrancesWillardwas35yearsoldbeforeshechosetobecomeatemperanceactivist.

（A）whilebeinganadolescent（B）whileinadolescence

（C）atthetimeofherbeingadolescent

（D）asbeinginadolescence

（E）asanadolescent

A中whilebeing不简洁.基本上一定错.除了being不好以外,是不是逻辑上也不合理.因为signed是一个瞬间的动作,而青春期是一段时间.用while连接,意思会有歧义,仿佛他sign誓言这个动作伴随着整个青春期.所以当有E这个更清晰的选项在的时候,就要选E.

E的as是介词,"作为..."来翻译.表明他以什么身份sign这个文件.

注：

1.when/while/although作状语修饰句子时，be动词不宜变成现在分词形式与while一起,其他实义动词则可以变成现在分词形式与while一起.

2.两种结构：

while/although+句子，and  while/although+现在分词毫无疑问都是可以的。

但while/although+名词的结构不允许。

我觉得while/although+现在分词,其实是一种省略:

当while/although从句主语和主句的主语一致时候,可以省略掉从句主语:

ShemetAndywhile（shewas）workingonaproductionofCarmen.

延伸出去的一点看法就是,做题时候,遇到while+分词形式,要记得看看这个省略的主语和主句的主语是否一致,是否逻辑合理,否则也要排除之.这个例子出现在WHILE作连词词性下面。

2.when/what

when是副词

while是连词，除了都表示“当……时候”以外，while还有尽管的意思

while，有与此同时的意思，同时发生的意味，一般ing多一些。

JisrunningwhileKissleeping

强调动作的同时发生

when范围更广一些，同时发生的意味没有while来的重

3.what

我的一点个人看法：

what就是thereasonfor...因此主语是thereason，谓语用单数

1，首先，单个what丛句作主语，主句用单数谓语永远都是对的。

在某些情况下既可以用单数也可以用复数。

用单数永远安全，有些时候可以用复数。

根据这个原则，B比A好（即使不理解为什么）。

2，这一题用单数的原因：

whatismuchmoredifficulttodetermineisthereason+定语。

whatis和thereason（也是单数）已经决定了谓语必需用单数，for后的定语不用理睬。

what分句的谓语和主语补语都是复数，主句可以用复数谓语，当然用单数也对；thereason是主语补语，如果主语补语是复数thereasons，谓语可以用复数，当然用单数也对。

WhilediggingintheEgyptiandesert,hugefossilboneshavebeenfoundbypaleontologists,whichappearstohavebeenthesecondmostmassivedinosaurthateverlived.

D）paleontologistshavefoundhugefossilbonesfromwhatappearstobe

原句中的,which指代不清。

what就是thethingthat，是个n+连词的关系。

WHAT在定语从句中的考点

WHAT在定语从句中的考点

1、  句子1+vt+what+句子2

2、  句子1+介词+what+句子2

Iwillbuythebookforwhichyoulook.

Iwilllookforwhatyouwillbuy

重点：

“介词+which”结构的前面必须为名词，

   “介词+what”结构的前面不能是名词

同例：

Itisdifferencefromwhich……

Itisdifferentfromwhat……

3、  使用时，what优先于n.+conjunction。

.

例

①Thatthatthebosssaidistrueastonishedus.

②Thatwhatthebosssaidistrueastonishedus.

二句优于一句

17.（25335-!

-item-!

-188;#058&002335）

Thesuccessoftheprogramtoeradicatesmallpoxhasstimulatedexpertstopursuewhattheyhadnotpreviouslyconsideredpossible--bettercontrol,ifnoteradication,oftheotherinfectionssuchasmeaslesandyaws.

（A）whattheyhadnotpreviouslyconsideredpossible--bettercontrol,ifnoteradication,oftheotherinfectionssuchas

（B）whattheyhadnotpreviouslyconsideredapossibility--bettercontrol,ifnoteradication,ofsuchinfectionslike

（C）somethingtheyhadnotpreviouslyconsideredpossible-bettercontrol,ifnoteradication,ofsuchinfectionsas

（D）somethingnotconsideredapreviouspossibility--bettercontrolandperhapseradication,ofotherinfectionssuchas

（E）thepossibilityofwhattheyhadnotpreviouslyconsidered--bettercontrolandpossiblyeradicationofinfectionslike

GWD21-Q27:

Theelectronicscompanyhasunveiledwhatitclaimstobetheworld’ssmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorder,thelengthofwhichisthatofahandheldcomputer,anditweighslessthan11ounces.

A.tobetheworld’ssmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorder,thelengthofwhichisthatofahandheldcomputer,anditweighs

B.tobethesmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorderintheworld,whichisaslongasahandheldcomputer,weighing

C.isthesmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorderintheworld,whichisaslongasahandheldcomputer,anditweighs

D.istheworld’ssmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorder,whichisaslongasahandheldcomputerandweighs

E.istheworld’ssmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorder,thelengthofwhichisthatofahandheldcomputer,weighing

GWD21-Q10:

ResearchersinGermanyhaveunearthed400,000-year-oldwoodenspearsfromwhatitappearswasanancientlakeshorehuntinggroundasstunningevidenceofhumanancestorswhosystematicallyhuntedbiggamemuchearlierthanbelieved.

A.itappearswasanancientlakeshorehuntinggroundasstunningevidenceofhumanancestorswho

B.itappearshadbeenanancientlakeshorehuntinggroundandstunningevidencethathumanancestors

C.appearswasanancientlakeshorehuntinggroundandisstunningevidencethathumanancestors

D.appearstobeanancientlakeshorehuntingground,stunningevidencethathumanancestors

E.appearsthatitisanancientlakeshorehuntingground,stunningevidenceofhumanancestorswho

碰到what引导的从句最重要是分清what在从句中作什么成分。

在GWD21-Q27中，what作后面claims的宾语，it为主语也就是thecompany,正常的陈诉语序下就是it（thecompany）claimswhattobe.而在GWD21-Q10中what作后面从句的主语，发出appears这个动作，所以it多余。

68. Thefirsttrenchesthatwerecutintoa500-acresiteatTellHamoukar,Syria,haveyieldedstrongevidenceforcentrallyadministeredcomplexsocietiesinnorthernregionsoftheMiddleEastthatwerearisingsimultaneouslywithbutindependentlyofthemorecelebratedcity-statesofsouthernMesopotamia,inwhatisnowsouthernIraq.（这句话里面inwhat是引导状语从句的吧？

=greaticesheetsexistedwherearenowtemperateareas）

（A） thatwerecutintoa500-acresiteatTellHamoukar,Syria,haveyieldedstrongevidenceforcentrallyadministeredcomplexsocietiesinnorthernregionsoftheMiddleEastthatwerearisingsimultaneouslywithbut

（B） thatwerecutintoa500-acresiteatTellHamoukar,Syria,yieldsstrongevidencethatcentrallyadministeredcomplexsocietiesinnorthernregionsoftheMiddleEastwerearisingsimultaneouslywithbutalso

（C） havingbeencutintoa500-acresiteatTellHamoukar,Syria,haveyieldedstrongevidencethatcentrallyadministeredcomplexsocietiesinnorthernregionsoftheMiddleEastwerearisingsimultaneouslybut

（D） cutintoa500-acresiteatTellHamoukar,Syria,yieldsstrongevidenceofcentrallyadministeredcomplexsocietiesinnorthernregionsoftheMiddleEastarisingsimultaneouslybutalso

（E） cutintoa500-acresiteatTellHamoukar,Syria,haveyieldedstrongevidencethatcentrallyadministeredcomplexsocietiesinnorthernregionsoftheMiddleEastarosesimultaneouslywithbut

OG11-59

Hisstudiesofice-polishedrocksinhisAlpinehomeland,faroutsidetherangeofpresent-dayglaciers,ledLouisAgassizin1837toproposetheconceptofanageinwhichgreaticesheetshadexistedinnowcurrentlytemperateareas.

（A）inwhichgreaticesheetshadexistedinnowcurrentlytemperateareas

（B）inwhichgreaticesheetsexistedinwhatarenowtemperateareas

（C）whengreaticesheetsexistedwheretherewereareasnowtemperate

（D）whengreaticesheetshadexistedincurrenttemperateareas

（E）whengreaticesheetsexistedinareasnowthataretemperate

其实inwhat在此就是inwhich. inthat的话不是引导定语从句，而是引导原因状语从句的。

你可以直接把what替换为which就能看明白了。

关于整个结构，因为inwhat可以看做引导adverbialclause，所以可以用there代替整个adverbialclause后来看，即：

inwhichgreaticesheetsexistedthere.

in在此做介词，what引导名词性从句，in+what从句就起状语作用，这样理解没有问题。

另外从本质上理解，前面我说的直接把what替换为which是为了便于理解inwhatarenowtemperateereas是状语从句引导词。

如果真的要把定语从句还原为陈述语气直接替换which还是有点纰漏的，因为没有补出先行词。

如果要还原的话必须以what=thatwhich来替换，that作为先行词（曾有题目出迷惑选项把what替换成thatwhich，而thatwhich的表达不简洁也不符合习惯，所以要直接用what），即inwhichgreaticesheetsexistedinthatwhichar