五年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练专题15 热点话题.docx

1、五年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练专题15 热点话题五年高考（2014-2018年）英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练专题15 热点话题“热点话题”是高中新课程标准24话题之一，亦是高考英语热点话题。本话题主要包括全球变暖、节约能源、环境保护、交通问题、人口问题等。通过本话题的学习和高考的考查，帮助学生学习有关气候、能源和环保的有关知识，树立“节约能源，保护环境”的主人翁意识。“热点话题”在高考英语当中通常以阅读理解、完形填空、七选五或书面表达的形式出现，例如：2018年北京卷阅读理解C、D篇，2018年江苏卷阅读理解C篇，2018年浙江卷B、C篇，2018年天津卷阅读理解A篇；2017年新课

2、标卷II阅读理解C篇；2017年北京卷阅读理解B篇，江苏卷阅读理解D篇；2016年北京卷阅读理解B篇、2014年新课标全国卷阅读理解B篇等。Passage 1（2018年新课标II卷）体裁话题词数难度建议时间议论文 放下手机，与人沟通330 5分钟Weve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the

3、 uncomfortable silence. Whats the problem? Its possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging, or we think its annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, c

4、onsider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) fo

5、r social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk, he explains. The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just

6、communicate with them.In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with

7、 their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband, says Dunn. But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.Dunn believes th

8、at people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. Small talk is the basis of good manners, he says.32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?A. Addicti

9、on to smartphones.B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.C. Absence of communication between strangers.D. Impatience with slow service.33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making bu

10、siness deals.34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises peoples confidence.C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.35. What is the best title for the text?A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small T

11、alkC. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。32.C 主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏

12、沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。34.D 推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。35.C 主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项

13、意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。Passage 2（2018年北京卷）体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文无人驾驶汽车4947分钟Preparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurists dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of

14、 Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isnt leading the way

15、 here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. Its hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, dependin

16、g on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mo

17、bility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy or even worsen the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tol

18、erate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of wal

19、king a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services. A study from the University of California at Davis sugg

20、ested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealin

21、g. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become c

22、omfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesnt extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states

23、to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can _. A. help deal with transportation-related problemsB. provide better se

24、rvices to customersC. cause damage to our environmentD. make some people lose jobs48. As for driverless cars, what is the authors major concern?A. Safety. B. Side effects. C. Affordability. D. Management. 49. What does the underlined word fielded in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Employed. B. Replaced

25、. C. Shared. D. Reduced. 50. What is the authors attitude to the future of self-driving cars?A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic. 【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。48.D 推理判断题。根据文章第一段But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation sy

26、stems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。49.A 词义猜测题。根据第四段The first commerci

27、ally available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). 可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Employed被应用；B. Replaced被取代；C. Shared被分享；D. Reduc

28、ed被减少。故选A。50.B 观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 中的 advancement，move more people, and more affor

29、dably. 以及plan for it可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。Passage 3（2016年新课标II卷）体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文 人工智能 470 7分钟 Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achi

30、eving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure

31、 that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire. A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by

32、 humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are no