五年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练专题15 热点话题.docx

五年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练专题15 热点话题.docx

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五年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练专题15热点话题

五年高考（2014-2018年）英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题15热点话题

“热点话题”是高中新课程标准24话题之一，亦是高考英语热点话题。

本话题主要包括全球变暖、节约能源、环境保护、交通问题、人口问题等。

通过本话题的学习和高考的考查，帮助学生学习有关气候、能源和环保的有关知识，树立“节约能源，保护环境”的主人翁意识。

“热点话题”在高考英语当中通常以阅读理解、完形填空、七选五或书面表达的形式出现，例如：

2018年北京卷阅读理解C、D篇，2018年江苏卷阅读理解C篇，2018年浙江卷B、C篇，2018年天津卷阅读理解A篇；2017年新课标卷II阅读理解C篇；2017年北京卷阅读理解B篇，江苏卷阅读理解D篇；2016年北京卷阅读理解B篇、2014年新课标全国卷Ⅱ阅读理解B篇等。

Passage1（2018年·新课标II卷）

体裁

话题

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议论文

放下手机，与人沟通

330

★★☆☆☆

5分钟

We’veallbeenthere:

inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.

What’stheproblem?

It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.

Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’t

evenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease（润滑剂）forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.＂Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.＂

Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction（互动）withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.＂It’snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysDunn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral（边缘的）membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.＂

Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,＂hesays.

32.Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?

A.Addictiontosmartphones.

B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.

C.Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.

D.Impatiencewithslowservice.

33.WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?

A.Showinggoodmanners.

B.Relatingtootherpeople.

C.Focusingonatopic.

D.Makingbusinessdeals.

34.Whatdoesthecoffee-shopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?

A.Itimprovesfamilyrelationships.B.Itraisespeople’sconfidence.

C.Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk.D.Itmakespeoplefeelgood.

35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.ConversationCountsB.WaysofMakingSmallTalk

C.BenefitsofSmallTalkD.UncomfortableSilence

【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。

在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。

但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。

32.C主旨大意题。

题干问的是：

第一段描述了什么现象。

在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。

有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。

A项意为：

沉迷于智能手机。

B项意为：

在公共场所不适当的行为。

C项意为：

陌生人之间缺乏沟通。

D项意为：

对缓慢的服务不耐烦。

故选C项。

34.D推理判断题。

题干问的是：

咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。

根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。

由此可知，D项符合题意。

A项意为：

闲聊改善了家庭关系。

B项意为：

闲聊提高了人们的信心。

C项意为：

闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。

D项意为：

闲聊让人感觉很好。

故选D项。

35.C主旨大意题。

整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。

A项意为：

谈话很重要。

B项意为：

闲聊的方法。

C项意为：

闲聊的好处。

D项意为：

不舒服的沉默。

故选C项。

Passage2（2018年·北京卷）

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无人驾驶汽车

494

★★★☆☆

7分钟

PreparingCitiesforRobotCars

Thepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.

Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars（andrightfullyso）,policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions（排放）andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.

Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?

Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing（叫车）services.

AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure（基础设施）andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues（责任与维护问题）.Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.

Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.

47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.

A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblems

B.providebetterservicestocustomers

C.causedamagetoourenvironment

D.makesomepeoplelosejobs

48.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?

A.Safety.B.Sideeffects.

C.Affordability.D.Management.

49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?

A.Employed.B.Replaced.

C.Shared.D.Reduced.

50.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?

A.Doubtful.B.Positive.

C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.

【文章大意】本文为说明文。

文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。

48.D推理判断题。

根据文章第一段Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。

49.A词义猜测题。

根据第四段Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues（责任与维护问题）.可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。

故划线词是“被应用”的意思。

A.Employed被应用；B.Replaced被取代；C.Shared被分享；D.Reduced被减少。

故选A。

50.B观点态度题。

根据文章最后一段Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.中的advancement，movemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.以及planforit可推知，作者是积极的态度。

故选B。

Passage3（2016年·新课标II卷）

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人工智能

470

★★★☆☆

7分钟

Hollywood’stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪恶）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论）,putitthisway:

＂Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere（干预）,wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.＂

Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:

awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifweareno