《管理学英语》参考译文Unit 3.docx

1、管理学英语参考译文Unit 3Unit 3 The First Function of Management管理的首要职能Text A Planning计划职能Pre-rearing Task 课前阅读Read the following questions first, which will help you understand the text below better, and then answer the questions after reading the text carefully. 先看看下面的问题，这些问题将有助于你更好地理解后面的课文，仔细地读完课文后再回答这些问题。

2、1. Do you agree with the saying Planning is the first function of management? 你同意“计划是管理的首要职能”这一说法吗？2. Why do you think planning in an organizational setting is more complex? 为什么你认为计划在组织设置（体系）中是最复杂的吗？3. What do managers usually do while they are making plans for their enterprises? 当管理者为他们的企业制定计划时，通常他

3、们会做什么呢？4. How do you understand the sentence Planning involves selecting the missions and objectives as well as the actions to achieve them ? 你怎么理解“计划包括选择任务和目标以及实现它们的相关行动”这句话？5. What does the last sentence in the passage A necessary first step in planning is to 这篇文章的最后一句话“计划中必要的第一步是要”干什么？Text Planni

4、ng is the first function of management. It is also a complex process, although the steps involved seem simple. The basic planning process consists of assessing the environment and prediction of the future, setting goals, developing alternative courses of action, selecting the best one, implementing

5、it, and monitoring progress. 计划是管理的首要职能。计划也是一个复杂的过程，尽管计划步骤看起来很简单。基本的计划过程包括：评估环境和预测未来，设定目标，开发替代性的行动方针，选择其中最好的一个，执行并监测其进展情况。In designing an environment for the effective performance of individuals working together in a group, a managers most essential task is to see that everyone understands the group

6、s mission and objectives and the methods for attaining them. If group effort is to be effective, people must know what they are expected to accomplish. This is the function of planning, which is the most basic of all the managerial functions. 在一个设计好的环境中，个人为了能在团队中和他人一起有效地完成工作，一个管理者最重要的任务是要看到每一个员工都理解组

7、织的使命、目标和实现使命和目标的方法。团队努力要变成有效的工作，员工必须知道他们自己被期望所要完成的是什么。这就是计划职能，它是所有管理职能最基础的职能。A.1 Planning Process 计划过程Planning is the process through which managers determine goals and devise the means for utilizing resources to accomplish them. In the planning process, managers analyze the current status of the or

8、ganization, predict the future environment, establish goals, and design and implement a course of action to achieve the goals within a specified time frame. In other words, planning refers to identifying the organizations strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and constraints in the environm

9、ent, then deciding what to do and where, when, and how to do it. 计划是管理者通过它来决定组织目标，以及设计各种方法从而利用多种资源来完成目标的过程。在计划的过程中，管理者分析组织的现有状况、预测未来环境状况、设定组织目标，以及在规定的时限内（时间框架下）设计和贯彻执行完成组织目标的行动方针。换句话说，计划是指在环境内识别组织优势和劣势、机遇和约束，然后决定何时、何地、做什么，以及如何做的过程。（6W,为什么什么人）The planning process is not complete until managers select

10、 an alternative. Normally, by preparing a plan, managers know where the organization is headed and basically how it is going to get there. Before managers can organize, direct, or control, they must set a course of action for the organization, and then select the alternative that, in their judgment,

11、 will best enable the organization to accomplish its goals. In choosing to implement one plan instead of another, the manager is engaging in choice making. So the most important steps in the planning process are to analyze the organizations current status and forecast the future environment. Analyzi

12、ng current status requires determining the organizations strengths and weaknesses. For example, a broad-based cost-efficient distribution network or a powerful marketing operation would be strengths the organization could incorporate into a plan. On the other hand, an outdated production system or a

13、 shortage of skilled employees would be weaknesses the organization would have to remedy or work around in developing and carrying out a plan. 直到管理者在替代计划中作出取舍（选择了其中一个计划方案），计划过程才算完成。通常，管理者通过准备计划知道组织要前进到什么地方，以及它将如何到达那里。在管理者组织、指挥或命令之前，他们必须为组织设定一些行动方针，接着根据他们自己的判断选择其中一个最佳的方案，从而使组织最好地完成它的目标。在选择执行一种计划（而不是另

14、一种计划）时，管理者就是在确定这项选择（决策）。因此，在计划中最重要的步骤是分析组织现有状况和预测未来的环境。分析现有状况需要确定组织的优势和劣势。例如，一个应用广泛的、有成本效益的销售网络，或者一个强有力的营销经营方式都将是组织纳入某项计划中的优势。另一方面，一套过时的生产系统，或者缺乏技巧熟练的员工将是组织的劣势，组织将不得不在制定和执行某项计划中采取补救措施或者应急措施。In addition, planning is a crucial function and precedes all the other management functions. It strongly impli

15、es managerial innovation and bridges the gap from where we are to where we want to go. Through planning, managers can anticipate how best to utilize the organizations resources. Successful organizations of all kinds, including businesses, churches, universities, sports teams and government agencies,

16、 use plans. Although planning is not a perfect science, there are probably no managers or organizations whose plans do not occasionally miss the mark. But the planning process is valuable to managers and organizations. 另外，计划是一个至关重要的管理职能，还是在其他管理职能之前的职能。计划强烈地暗示了管理创新，还在我们的出发点和目的地（在哪里和我们所要去的地方）之间架起了桥梁。通

17、过计划，管理者能预知怎样更好地利用组织的各种资源。成功的各种组织，包括工商企业、教堂、大学、运动队和政府机关等等，都在使用计划。计划不是完美的科学，可能不存在自己的计划偶尔没有不成功的管理者或组织（每一次计划都成功），但是计划过程对于管理者和组织来说仍然很有价值。The planning function serves several purposes. First, planning identifies priorities and guides managers in acquiring and committing resources (people, money, etc.). Se

18、cond, planning provides clear directions to organizational members, showing how their activities relate to overall organizational goals. Third, planning is a blueprint for action and a reference point for monitoring activities and measuring whether goals are being accomplished. Besides, the panning

19、function is to describe the steps in the planning process and show how managers with different responsibilities (technical, administrative, and institutional) plan in different ways. 计划职能有几个方面的目的。首先，计划能识别优先重点和指导管理者获取和配置人财物等资源。其次，计划为组织成员提供了一个清晰的方向，显示出了他们的活动是如何与整体组织目标相联系的。第三，计划是一个监视组织行动及测量组织目标是否完成的行动蓝

20、图和参考点。而且，计划职能将能描述计划过程的步骤，展示管理者是如何在不同的责任（技术、行政和制度等）之间用不同的方法进行计划的。Though planning that is done by different managers may differ in scope and specifics but accomplish similar purposes for each of the managers. Planning is the tool that helps the manager connect present activities to future objectives.

21、Managers concentrate their attention on how changes in an organizations operating environment -that is, technological developments, competitive shifts, and changes in the economy - make it necessary for them to continually adapt and revise the strategic plans of the organization. 尽管不同管理者制定的计划可能在范围和细

22、节方面有不同，但是对每一个管理者来说都是完成类似的目的。计划是帮助管理者连接现在行动和将来目标的工具。管理者把精力集中在组织内经营环境的技术发展、竞争转移、经济情况改变等各种变化上，对于管理者来说，这些变化使得（他们）有必要不断地调整和修订组织的战略计划。（make it necessary to使得有必要）The same is true in any organization. As organizations grow in size and complexity, managers tend naturally to have difficulty meeting goals and

23、staying on track. Planning helps managers follow developments and detect trouble spots. By identifying problem areas early, managers can quickly find the causes and either remedy the problem or adjust the plan to get the organization back on track. In addition, planning enables managers and organiza

24、tions to protect themselves against surprise caused by changes in the economic, technological, and political environment. 在任何组织内都是如此。随着组织规模和复杂性的增长，管理者很自然难于满足（实现）组织目标和保持正轨发展。计划会帮助管理者关注（密切注意）事态发展、检测（发现）故障点。通过及早识别出问题所在，管理者能迅速发现问题的原因，要么改正问题，要么调整计划，从而使组织回归到（发展）正轨上。另外，计划能使管理者和组织保护自身免于因经济、技术和政治环境的变化而发生的意外。

25、A.2 Planning Establishment 计划编制Planning in an organizational setting is more complex. As for decision making, management planning must be done in consideration of the resources and values of the organization. Planning in the organizational context takes on added dimension. So before making decisions

26、, managers draw up organizational planning, such as strategic planning, and strategic management in changing environments. 在组织设置中制定计划是更复杂的事情。就决策制定来说，管理者在考虑组织资源和组织价值观过程中必须完成管理计划。在组织环境中的计划呈现（具有）更多方面（维度）。所以在制定决策之前，管理者制订组织计划，比如战略规划、在不断变化的环境中的战略管理等等。The establishment of a plan can invigorate an organizat

27、ion and its employees by encouraging people to focus their activities on helping the organization achieve its goals. But there are various types of plans, ranging from overall purposes and objectives to the most detailed actions to be taken, such as ordering a special stainless steel bolt for an ins

28、trument or hiring and training workers for an assembly line. Plans are also used to determine new courses of action, but no real plan exists until a decision - a commitment of human or material resources - has been made. 确立一项计划能通过激励员工集中所有行动帮助组织完成自身目标来鼓舞这个组织及其员工。但是存在多种类型的计划，范围从全部目的和目标到将要采取的最详细行动，比如为某

29、个器械订购一个不锈钢螺栓，或者为某个装配线雇佣和培训工人等。计划也许被用来确定新的行动方案（路线），但是直到制订好“人力或物力资源得到保证”的决策，一项计划才算真的存在。（ranging from A to B）Managers who plan usually go through a rational thought process involving careful research, analysis, and determination of a course of action. The basic steps managers take to develop a plan are

30、 as follows. 那些做计划的管理者通常经历一个理性的思维过程，这个过程涉及仔细研究、分析和确定行动方案（路线、方针）。管理者开发一项计划而采用的基本步骤（罗列）如下：1. Analyze current status and forecast the future environment. What are the organizations strengths and weaknesses? What opportunities and threats will be present in the environment? 第一，分析组织现有状况，预测未来环境情况。组织的优势和劣势

31、是什么？环境将提供的机遇和威胁又是什么？2. Establish goals and objectives. Given the predicted future, what do we want to do? 第二，确立组织目的和目标。给定未来预测的假设结果，我们要做什么呢？3. Identify alternative ways of achieving objectives in light of problems and opportunities likely to be encountered in the future.第三，根据未来可能遇到的问题和机遇，找出完成目标的替代性方法

32、。4. Select the best alternative for achieving the objectives. 第四，从完成目标的替代方法中选择最佳的一项方案。5. Implement the plan. 第五，实施该项计划。These basic steps can be applied to all planning activities. The planning process helps managers clarify where they are in relation to their long-term goals and helps them chart a course by which to achieve the organizations goals. Plans for a department, for example, should be coordinated and integrated with the organizations overall business plan. After plans are implemented, activities and results must be monitored and adjustments made. 这些基本步骤能应用到所