跨文化交际复习提纲.docx

1、跨文化交际复习提纲Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication Defined1. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called “cross-cultural communications or “comparative culture, or “transculture. 2. On one level, IC is represent

2、ed by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. 3. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. 4. IC is a broad and well-developed field of study.5. IC is an interdis

3、ciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy.6. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.Forms of I

4、ntercultural Communicationa. International Communicationb. Interethnic Communicationc. Interracial Communication d. Intracultural CommunicationDefinition Final5) Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned

5、 and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.2.Cultural Metaphors1. The Cultural Iceberg 2. The Cultural Onion 3.The Cultural Software 4.The Cultural Fish 5. The Cultural Story 6. Culture by Chinese 7. Culture by Americans3. Characteristics of Culture 1) Culture is sha

6、red The members of a culture share a set of ideals, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set of ideals is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bond them together as a culture. 2)Culture is learnedActually, culture is not innate sensibility, but a learned characteristic. Children begin

7、 learning about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other, how they dress, and the rituals they perform. When the children are growing in the community, their cultural education is advanced by watching social interactions, taking part in cultural activiti

8、es and rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.3) Culture is based on symbols. In order for the culture to be transmitted from one person to the next, and from one generation to the next, a system of symbols needs to be created that translates

9、the ideals of the culture to its members. This is accomplished through language, art, religion and money.4) Culture is integratedFor the sake of keeping the culture, functioning all aspects of the culture must be integrated. For example, the language must be able to describe all the functions within

10、 the culture in order for ideas and ideals to be transmitted from one person to another. Without the integration of language into the fabric of the culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail.5) Culture is subjective to change (Dynamic) It is necessary to recognize that

11、 cultures are dynamic rather than static. They are constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. 6) Culture is ethnocentricEthnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, lang

12、uage, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is correct. Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, ineffective, or quaint.7) Culture is adaptiveHistory offers so many examples of how cultures have changed as a result of laws, shifts in values, nat

13、ural disasters, wars, or calamities. More and more women work as CEOs in major companies and as officials in government instead of remaining at home looking after children. Both women and men have made adaptation to this cultural change.Western Perspective of communicationIn western cultures, commun

14、ication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve ones personal goal Eastern perspective of communication Definitions of commun

15、ication from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.2. Components of communicationSender/So

16、urce 信息源A sender/source is the person who transmits a messageMessage 信息A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. Encoding 编码Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. Channel /Medium 渠

17、道. Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a message. Receiver 信息接收者A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.Decoding 解码Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.Feedback 反应The response of a re

18、ceiver to a senders message is called feedback. Noise 干扰Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.1)External NoiseSounds that distract communicators: voices

19、 in the next room; annoying ring of someones cell phone in a meeting; etc.Other types of external noise that dont involve sound:an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar (2) Physiological Noise illnesses and disabilities(3) Psychological Noiseforces with the sender or receiver that interfere with unders

20、tanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.(4) Semantic Noisecaused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.3.Characteristics of Communicationa. Communication is dynamic b. Communication is systematicc. Communication is symbol

21、icd. Communication is irreversiblee. Communication is transactionalf. Communication is self-reflectiveg. Communication is contextual.High Context A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, whic

22、h very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Communication occurs in ways other than through language. People share context.HC communication is fast and efficient, but takes long time to learn.Low ContextA low-context (LC) is just the opposite, the mass of information is

23、 vested in the explicit code. Communication occurs mostly through language. low-context sources: newspapers, textbooks, lectures, roadmaps, announcements, instruction sheets etc. More impersonal, but effective in transmitting information among people who do not share the same experience. Hofstedes c

24、ultural dimensions1. Individualism versus collectivism 2. Uncertainty avoidance3. Power distance4. Masculinity versus femininityUncertainty Avoidance This dimension refers to how comfortable people feel towards ambiguity Cultures which ranked low (compared to other cultures), feel much more comforta

25、ble with the unknown. According to Hofstede (霍夫斯太德), uncertainty avoidance refers to the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules and high-level organizational structure. 1. Culture Shock refers to the traumatic tr:mtik experience that an individual may encounter when entering a

26、 different culture. expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.4. Stages of culture shock The honeymoon stage The hostility stage The recovery stage The adjustment stage The bic

27、ulturality stage1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesislinguistic determinist interpretation-Language structure controls thoughts and cultural norms.linguistic relativity interpretation-Culture is controlled by and controls language.According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language is a guide to social reality. I

28、t implies that language is not simply a means of reporting experience but, more important, it is a way of defining experience.Eg. Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, so we have expressions like “人是铁，饭是钢 and “铁饭碗. Verbal Communication StylesCulture influences the style of communicatio

29、n at great level. The communication style is concerned with the use of language1.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction StylesIn the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speakers intentions. Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request. In the indirect verbal style,

30、 on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intentions. Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.P180)2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Verbal Styles The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones a

31、ccomplishments and abilities. Eg. In the classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitation

32、s and modest talk.Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not very good-looking, Im willing to try my best.3. Elaborate, Exacting and Succinct StylesAn elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished language. This style of communication can be seen in many Arab, Middle Eastern, and Afro-American cultures. An exacting style, where persons say no more