跨文化交际复习提纲.docx
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跨文化交际复习提纲
InterculturalCommunication
InterculturalCommunicationDefined
1.ICisactuallyanacademicandapplieddisciplinethathasdevelopedinternationallysincethe1950s.Sometimescalled“cross-culturalcommunications〞or“comparativeculture,〞or“transculture〞.
2.Ononelevel,ICisrepresentedbyculturestudies,whereweexaminethepolitical,economicandlifestylesystemsofothercountries.
3.Onanotherlevel,itisappliedlinguistics,whereweseektounderstandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.
4.ICisabroadandwell-developedfieldofstudy.
5.ICisaninterdisciplinaryapplicationoffieldslikeculturalanthropology,sociology,psychology(andsocialpsychology),communicationstudies,appliedlinguisticsandeducationalpedagogy.
6.ICisacomprehensiveattempttounderstandallaspectsofhumanculturesandhowtheyinteractwitheachother.
FormsofInterculturalCommunication
a.InternationalCommunication
b.InterethnicCommunication
c.InterracialCommunication
d.IntraculturalCommunication
DefinitionFinal
5)Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.
2.CulturalMetaphors
1.TheCulturalIceberg
2.TheCulturalOnion
3.TheCulturalSoftware
4.TheCulturalFish
5.TheCulturalStory
6.CulturebyChinese
7.CulturebyAmericans
3.CharacteristicsofCulture
1)Cultureisshared
Themembersofacultureshareasetof‘ideals,values,andstandardsofbehaviors’,andthissetofidealsiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondthemtogetherasaculture.
2) Cultureislearned
Actually,cultureisnotinnatesensibility,butalearnedcharacteristic.Childrenbeginlearningabouttheirowncultureathomewiththeirimmediatefamilyandhowtheyinteracteachother,howtheydress,andtheritualstheyperform.Whenthechildrenaregrowinginthecommunity,theirculturaleducationisadvancedbywatchingsocialinteractions,takingpartinculturalactivitiesandritualsinthecommunity,formingtheirownrelationshipsandtakingtheirplaceintheculture.
3)Cultureisbasedonsymbols.
Inorderfortheculturetobetransmittedfromonepersontothenext,andfromonegenerationtothenext,asystemofsymbolsneedstobecreatedthattranslatestheidealsoftheculturetoitsmembers.Thisisaccomplishedthroughlanguage,art,religionandmoney.
4)Cultureisintegrated
Forthesakeofkeepingtheculture,functioningallaspectsoftheculturemustbeintegrated.Forexample,thelanguagemustbeabletodescribeallthefunctionswithinthecultureinorderforideasandidealstobetransmittedfromonepersontoanother.Withouttheintegrationoflanguageintothefabricoftheculture,confusionanddysfunctionwouldreignandtheculturewouldfail.
5)Cultureissubjectivetochange(Dynamic)
Itisnecessarytorecognizethatculturesaredynamicratherthanstatic.Theyareconstantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.
6)Cultureisethnocentric
Ethnocentrismisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackground,includingwaysofanalyzingproblems,values,beliefs,language,andverbalandnonverbalcommunication,iscorrect.Ethnocentristsbelievetheircultureisthecentralcultureandotherculturesareincorrect,ineffective,orquaint.
7)Cultureisadaptive
Historyofferssomanyexamplesofhowcultureshavechangedasaresultoflaws,shiftsinvalues,naturaldisasters,wars,orcalamities.MoreandmorewomenworkasCEOsinmajorcompaniesandasofficialsingovernmentinsteadofremainingathomelookingafterchildren.Bothwomenandmenhavemadeadaptationtothisculturalchange.
WesternPerspectiveofcommunication
Inwesterncultures,communicationisstudiedasthemeansoftransmittingideas.Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication;thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’spersonalgoalEasternperspectiveofcommunication
DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.Easterncultures’understandingwoulddefinecommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.
2.Componentsofcommunication
Sender/Source〔信息源〕
Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage
Message〔信息〕
Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.
Encoding〔编码〕
Encodingreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesender
mustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.
Channel/Medium〔渠道〕
.Channel/Mediumisthemethodusedtodelivera
message.
Receiver〔信息接收者〕
Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgives
somemeaningtoamessage.
Decoding〔解码〕
Decodingistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.
Feedback〔反应〕
Theresponseofareceivertoasender’smessageiscalledfeedback.
Noise〔干扰〕
Noiseisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise,physiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.
1)ExternalNoise
Soundsthatdistractcommunicators:
voicesinthenextroom;annoyingringofsomeone’scellphoneinameeting;etc.
Othertypesofexternalnoisethatdon’tinvolvesound:
anovercrowdedroomorasmellycigar
(2)PhysiologicalNoise
illnessesanddisabilities
(3)PsychologicalNoise
forceswiththesenderorreceiverthatinterferewithunderstanding:
egotism;hostility;preoccupation;fear;etc.
(4)SemanticNoise
causedbyusingdifferentlanguages;theuseofjargon;differentunderstandingofthemessagedelivered;etc.
3.CharacteristicsofCommunication
a.Communicationisdynamic
b.Communicationissystematic
c.Communicationissymbolic
d.Communicationisirreversible
e.Communicationistransactional
f.Communicationisself-reflective
g.Communicationiscontextual.
HighContext
Ahigh-context(HC)communicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationiseitherinthephysicalcontextorinternalizedintheperson,whichverylittleisinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.
Communicationoccursinwaysotherthanthroughlanguage.Peoplesharecontext.
HCcommunicationisfastandefficient,buttakeslongtimetolearn.
LowContext
Alow-context(LC)isjusttheopposite,themassofinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Communicationoccursmostlythroughlanguage.
low-contextsources:
newspapers,textbooks,lectures,roadmaps,announcements,instructionsheetsetc.
Moreimpersonal,buteffectiveintransmittinginformationamongpeoplewhodonotsharethesameexperience.
Hofstede’sculturaldimensions
1.Individualismversuscollectivism
2.Uncertaintyavoidance
3.Powerdistance
4.Masculinityversusfemininity
UncertaintyAvoidance
Thisdimensionreferstohowcomfortablepeoplefeeltowardsambiguity
Cultureswhichrankedlow(comparedtoothercultures),feelmuchmorecomfortablewiththeunknown.
AccordingtoHofstede(霍夫斯太德),uncertaintyavoidancereferstothelackoftoleranceforambiguityandtheneedforformalrulesandhigh-levelorganizationalstructure.
1.CultureShock
◆referstothetraumatic[trɔ:
'mætik]experiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.
◆expressesthelackofdirection,thefeelingofnotknowingwhattodoorhowtodothingsinanewenvironment,andnotknowingwhatisappropriateorinappropriate.
4.Stagesofcultureshock
ThehoneymoonstageàThehostilitystageàTherecoverystageàTheadjustmentstageàThebiculturalitystage
1.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis
linguisticdeterministinterpretation---Languagestructurecontrolsthoughtsandculturalnorms.
linguisticrelativityinterpretation---Cultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.
AccordingtotheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,languageisaguideto"socialreality".Itimpliesthatlanguageisnotsimplyameansofreportingexperiencebut,moreimportant,itisawayofdefiningexperience.
Eg.NothingismoreimportantthanricetotheChinese,sowehaveexpressionslike“人是铁,饭是钢〞and“铁饭碗〞.
VerbalCommunicationStyles
Cultureinfluencesthestyleofcommunicationatgreatlevel.Thecommunicationstyleisconcernedwiththeuseoflanguage
1.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStyles
Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentions.
Eg.U.S.Americanstendtouseastraightforwardformofrequest.
Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtohidethespeaker’sactualintentions.
Eg.Chinesetendtoaskforafavorinamoreroundaboutandimplicitway.〔P180)
2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStyles
ØTheself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizesthe
importanceofboastingaboutone’saccomplishmentsandabilities.
Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Americanadmightbeginwith,“Ahandsome,athleticmalewithagoodsenseofhumorseeksafun-lovingpartner…〞
ØTheself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,
emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints,hesitationsandmodesttalk.
Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Japaneseadmightread,“AlthoughIamnotverygood-looking,I’mwillingtotrymybest.〞
3.Elaborate,ExactingandSuccinctStyles
ØAnelaboratestyleemphasizesflashyandembellishedlanguage.ThisstyleofcommunicationcanbeseeninmanyArab,MiddleEastern,andAfro-Americancultures.
ØAnexactingstyle,wherepersonssaynomore