国家概况研究生英语考试范围整理.docx

1、国家概况研究生英语考试范围整理英国部分Chapter 1 Land and HistoryP13页1) The United Kingdom is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. 2) England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. 3) The overall climate in the UK is temp

2、erate maritime. 4) Since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. 5) The recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55B.C. 6) During the Anglo-Saxon Invasion period, Roman Christianity was introduc

3、ed to Britain. 7) During the Norman Conquest, federal system in England was completely established ,which is based on the ownership of land. 8) The Wars of Roses was a series of dynastic civil wars between the two royal families, the House of York and the House of Lancaster, for the English throne.

4、9) The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. 10) On the Eve of World War I in 1914 , Britain has developed into the largest colonial empire in the world , which occupied nearly 1/4 of the world land area , and became “a c

5、ountry on which the sun never sets”.P13页2.4) What are the factors that led to the end of British Empire大英帝国? There are several reasons that contributed to the Industrial Revolution in Britain. First, Britain had a huge market. After the Glorious Revolution, with the supporting of Parliament, the Bri

6、tain formed a single largest domestic market in Europe. Meanwhile, with its expansion in the world, it occupied a large number of colonies in the world and became the most powerful and leading colonial country. The colonies provided it with enormous wealth, raw materials and a large market for its i

7、ndustrial development. Second, the enclosure movement deprived the small landowners of their property and forced them to move to the cities and towns to make a living. The landless laborer, therefore, became a large number of free labors in the industrial market and promoted the economic development

8、 in Britain.P13页3.3) Hundred Years War百年战争: The Hundred Years War was a series of wars from 1337 to 1453 and fought between England and France over territory, trade, and the throne. At first, the war was in Britains interests, but with the use of guns and gunpowder in France and the resistance of th

9、e French people, Britain lost its superiority and was defeated by France. P13页 3.5) Glorious Revolution光荣革命: It refers to the “bloodless revolution” in Britain in 1688, when the Parliament declared William and his wife Mary as the joint sovereigns. They signed the Bill of Rights passed by the Parlia

10、ment, which guaranteed the authority of Parliament and limited the power of the monarch.P13页4.1) the significance of the Great Charter大宪章 The Great Charter is the document King John was forced to sign in 1215. It covered a wide field of law and feudal rights but the most important clauses were: No e

11、xtra taxes should be imposed on nobles without the permission of the Great Council; no free man should be arrested or penalized or banished in any way unless convicted by a jury; merchants would be allowed to move about freely; in addition, the nobles should be entitled to declare war against the Ki

12、ng if the King seriously violates the provisions of the Great Charter.The Great Charter was of progressive significance and considered as an important turning point of English history. It granted to the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government. The merchants and craftsmen appeared for the fi

13、rst time as a political force in the British history. It also lays a foundation for the British constitutional monarchy and provides basic principles for the protection of civil rights in the Western World.英国Chapter 2 Government and PoliticsP25页1) TheUnitedKingdomisaunitary and aconstitutional Monar

14、chy.2) The British governmental system consists of three branches: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.3) The constitution of the United Kingdom is the sum of laws and principles that make up the body politic of the United Kingdom.4) The members of the House are not elected but are mos

15、tly produced via inheriting the title of nobility or being granted by the title of nobility by the Queen or the King.5) The Government is led by Prime Minister who is leader of the majority party in the House of Commons.6) The Cabinet is the ultimate decision-making body of the executive headed by t

16、he Prime Minister.7) According to the nature of law cases, British court can be divided into two systems: the Civil Court and the Criminal Court.8) The Supreme Court is the highest court in all matters under English and Welsh law, Northern Ireland law and Scottish civil law since 2009.9) The Conserv

17、ative Party, colloquially referred to as the Tory Party or the Tories, is a center-right political party.10) For the purpose of election, the whole country is divided into 650 constituencies of similar population.2.2 How do you understand the role of British Monarch英国君主in the parliament议会?The Monarc

18、h has no right to determine decisions made in Parliament. The importance of the Monarch is its effect on public attitude. It represents the continuity an adaptability of the governmental system as well as the unity of the country.2.4 What are the common practices of criminal trials刑事审判in the UK?In c

19、riminal trails, the accused is presumed innocent until proved guilty and presented by a law. Trails are in open court, and in most cases, they are tried before lay justices without a jury of 12. Only in more serious cases are the trails tried before the jury, which decides guilty or innocent.3.2 Par

20、liament议会Parliament, the legislative body in the UK, first officially appeared in the 13th century. It is the supreme law-making body in the country and enjoys a number of major powers. According to the constitution, it consists of three parts: the Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commo

21、ns. 英国Chapter 3 The Economy of the UK填空（1）As the first country that completed the First Industry Revolution and the largest colony country, The UK used to have the largest economy in the word. （2）The British economy can be divided into three main sectors: Primary Industry, Secondary Industry, and Te

22、rtiary Industry.（3）Tertiary Industry, or Service Industry , particularly insurance, banking, and business service become key drivers of British GDP growth now.（4）After the World war II , the extensive war efforts of the two world war and the end of the era of empire led to a series of problems of Br

23、itish economy in varying ways.（5）Around two-third of the agriculture production in the UK is devoted to livestock, one-third to arable crops.（6）The UK has large amount of coal, nature gas, and oil reserves, and is a major energy producer. （7）Engineering and allied industries comprise the single larg

24、est sector,（8）Service sector is the dominant sector of the UK economy,（9）London is a major center for international business and.along with New York city and Tokyo简答2 How do you understand the relative decline相对下降of British economy after WWII二战?(1) The UK suffered great economic lose in the two worl

25、d war.(2) The era of empire was over, making big markets for goods lost.(3) Britain spent a higher proportion of national wealth on its military than most of its competitors.(4) British did not changed his industrial system , causing a low productivity and output(5) Low rate of investment after WWII

26、.论述题The different routes of economic growth经济增长in contemporary China and the UK?(1)The forms of the economic developing path are different .Britain is taking the path of capitalist economy, while China is taking the road of market economy and commodity economy with Chinese characteristics.(2) Differ

27、ent national economic development process. After the industrial revolution, Britain directly into the period of industrial economic development, and then gradually into the road of modern economic development. However，after the founding of China, Chinas economy basement was agricultural economy , th

28、e development of industrial economy was slow. After the reform and opening up, Chinas economy was transformed from agricultural economy to industrial economy.英国Chapter 4 Social and Cultural Life.填空1) The existence and continuity of the Monarch and Social Classes, the use of old measurement units, su

29、ch as mile and pound, and the resistance of joining the Eurozone are some examples that illustrate the conservation of British people.2) The Upper Class is the top class in the British Society, and it mainly consisted of the peerage, gentry, and hereditary landowners.3) The official language in the

30、UK is English. It originates from the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons.4) During the Middle English period, many French words were brought into the English vocabulary and became part of it.5) The main religion in Britain is Christianity. Almost half of the British people are Christians who believ

31、e in God and Bible. 6) Many holidays celebrated throughout the nation in the UK reflect the religious, historical, social, and cultural background.7) At present the official birthday of Queen Elizabeth is celebrated on the second Saturday in June each year by a military parade known as Trooping the

32、Color.8) Its national sport is cricket, while football is undoubtedly the most popular sport throughout the country.9) Radio in the United Kingdom is dominated by the BBC, which operate radio stations both in the United Kingdom and abroad.2. Question 1) What are the characteristics of British Humor英国人的幽默?British Humor is normally related to historic and cultural backgrounds, current issues and language techniques. It is more like a life attitude rather than merely the ability to laugh a