国家概况研究生英语考试范围整理.docx

国家概况研究生英语考试范围整理.docx

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国家概况研究生英语考试范围整理

英国部分Chapter1LandandHistory

P13页

1）TheUnitedKingdomislocatedtothenorthwestofcontinentalEurope,separatedbythe

EnglishChannel.

2）EnglandisthelargestpartoftheUKandoccupiesmostofthesoutherntwothirdsofGreat

Britain.

3）TheoverallclimateintheUKistemperatemaritime.

4）SinceBritainisanislandcountryandsurroundedbythesea,theclimateisconsiderably

changeablecomparedwithothercountries.

5）TherecordedhistoryoftheUKbeginswiththeRomaninvasionin55B.C.

6）DuringtheAnglo-SaxonInvasionperiod,RomanChristianitywasintroducedtoBritain.

7）DuringtheNormanConquest,federalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished,which

isbasedontheownershipofland.

8）TheWarsofRoseswasaseriesofdynasticcivilwarsbetweenthetworoyalfamilies,the

HouseofYorkandtheHouseofLancaster,fortheEnglishthrone.

9）TheEnglishCivilWarwasaseriesofarmedconflictsandpoliticalmachinationsbetween

ParliamentariansandRoyalists.

10）OntheEveofWorldWarIin1914,Britainhasdevelopedintothelargestcolonialempire

intheworld,whichoccupiednearly1/4oftheworldlandarea,andbecame“acountry

onwhichthesunneversets”.

P13页2.4）WhatarethefactorsthatledtotheendofBritishEmpire大英帝国?

ThereareseveralreasonsthatcontributedtotheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain.First,Britainhadahugemarket.AftertheGloriousRevolution,withthesupportingofParliament,theBritainformedasinglelargestdomesticmarketinEurope.Meanwhile,withitsexpansionintheworld,itoccupiedalargenumberofcoloniesintheworldandbecamethemostpowerfulandleadingcolonialcountry.Thecoloniesprovideditwithenormouswealth,rawmaterialsandalargemarketforitsindustrialdevelopment.Second,theenclosuremovementdeprivedthesmalllandownersoftheirpropertyandforcedthemtomovetothecitiesandtownstomakealiving.Thelandlesslaborer,therefore,becamealargenumberoffreelaborsintheindustrialmarketandpromotedtheeconomicdevelopmentinBritain.

P13页3.3）HundredYearsWar百年战争:

TheHundredYearsWarwasaseriesofwarsfrom1337to1453andfoughtbetweenEnglandandFranceoverterritory,trade,andthethrone.Atfirst,thewarwasinBritain’sinterests,butwiththeuseofgunsandgunpowderinFranceandtheresistanceoftheFrenchpeople,BritainlostitssuperiorityandwasdefeatedbyFrance.

P13页3.5）GloriousRevolution光荣革命:

Itreferstothe“bloodlessrevolution”inBritainin1688,whentheParliamentdeclaredWilliamandhiswifeMaryasthejointsovereigns.TheysignedtheBillofRightspassedbytheParliament,whichguaranteedtheauthorityofParliamentandlimitedthepowerofthemonarch.

P13页4.1）thesignificanceoftheGreatCharter大宪章

TheGreatCharteristhedocumentKingJohnwasforcedtosignin1215.Itcoveredawidefieldoflawandfeudalrightsbutthemostimportantclauseswere:

NoextrataxesshouldbeimposedonnobleswithoutthepermissionoftheGreatCouncil;nofreemanshouldbearrestedorpenalizedorbanishedinanywayunlessconvictedbyajury;merchantswouldbeallowedtomoveaboutfreely;inaddition,thenoblesshouldbeentitledtodeclarewaragainsttheKingiftheKingseriouslyviolatestheprovisionsoftheGreatCharter.

TheGreatCharterwasofprogressivesignificanceandconsideredasanimportantturningpointofEnglishhistory.Itgrantedtothetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself-government.ThemerchantsandcraftsmenappearedforthefirsttimeasapoliticalforceintheBritishhistory.ItalsolaysafoundationfortheBritishconstitutionalmonarchyandprovidesbasicprinciplesfortheprotectionofcivilrightsintheWesternWorld.

英国Chapter2GovernmentandPolitics

P25页

1）The United Kingdom is a unitaryanda constitutionalMonarchy.

2）TheBritishgovernmentalsystemconsistsofthreebranches:

thelegislature,theexecutive,andthejudiciary.

3）TheconstitutionoftheUnitedKingdomisthesumoflawsandprinciplesthatmakeupthebodypoliticoftheUnitedKingdom.

4）ThemembersoftheHousearenotelectedbutaremostlyproducedviainheritingthetitleofnobilityorbeinggrantedbythetitleofnobilitybytheQueenortheKing.

5）TheGovernmentisledbyPrimeMinisterwhoisleaderofthemajoritypartyintheHouseofCommons.

6）TheCabinetistheultimatedecision-makingbodyoftheexecutiveheadedbythePrimeMinister.

7）Accordingtothenatureoflawcases,Britishcourtcanbedividedintotwosystems:

theCivilCourtandtheCriminalCourt.

8）TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtinallmattersunderEnglishandWelshlaw,NorthernIrelandlawandScottishcivillawsince2009.

9）TheConservativeParty,colloquiallyreferredtoastheToryPartyortheTories,isacenter-rightpoliticalparty.

10）Forthepurposeofelection,thewholecountryisdividedinto650constituenciesofsimilarpopulation.

2.2HowdoyouunderstandtheroleofBritishMonarch英国君主intheparliament议会?

TheMonarchhasnorighttodeterminedecisionsmadeinParliament.TheimportanceoftheMonarchisitseffectonpublicattitude.Itrepresentsthecontinuityanadaptabilityofthegovernmentalsystemaswellastheunityofthecountry.

2.4Whatarethecommonpracticesofcriminaltrials刑事审判intheUK?

Incriminaltrails,theaccusedispresumedinnocentuntilprovedguiltyandpresentedbyalaw.Trailsareinopencourt,andinmostcases,theyaretriedbeforelayjusticeswithoutajuryof12.Onlyinmoreseriouscasesarethetrailstriedbeforethejury,whichdecidesguiltyorinnocent.

3.2Parliament议会

Parliament,thelegislativebodyintheUK,firstofficiallyappearedinthe13thcentury.Itisthesupremelaw-makingbodyinthecountryandenjoysanumberofmajorpowers.Accordingtotheconstitution,itconsistsofthreeparts:

theMonarch,theHouseofLords,andtheHouseofCommons.

英国Chapter3TheEconomyoftheUK

填空

（1）AsthefirstcountrythatcompletedtheFirstIndustryRevolutionandthelargestcolonycountry,TheUKusedtohavethelargesteconomyintheword.

（2）TheBritisheconomycanbedividedintothreemainsectors:

PrimaryIndustry,SecondaryIndustry,andTertiaryIndustry.

（3）TertiaryIndustry,orServiceIndustry,particularlyinsurance,banking,andbusinessservicebecomekeydriversofBritishGDPgrowthnow.

（4）AftertheWorldwarII,theextensivewareffortsofthetwoworldwarandtheendoftheeraofempireledtoaseriesofproblemsofBritisheconomyinvaryingways.

（5）Aroundtwo-thirdoftheagricultureproductionintheUKisdevotedtolivestock,one-thirdtoarablecrops.

（6）TheUKhaslargeamountofcoal,naturegas,andoilreserves,andisamajorenergyproducer.

（7）Engineeringandalliedindustriescomprisethesinglelargestsector,

（8）ServicesectoristhedominantsectoroftheUKeconomy,

（9）Londonisamajorcenterforinternationalbusinessand..................alongwithNewYorkcityandTokyo

简答

2Howdoyouunderstandtherelativedecline相对下降ofBritisheconomyafterWWII二战?

（1）TheUKsufferedgreateconomicloseinthetwoworldwar.

（2）Theeraofempirewasover,makingbigmarketsforgoodslost.

（3）Britainspentahigherproportionofnationalwealthonitsmilitarythanmostofitscompetitors.

（4）Britishdidnotchangedhisindustrialsystem,causingalowproductivityandoutput

（5）LowrateofinvestmentafterWWII.

论述题

Thedifferentroutesofeconomicgrowth经济增长incontemporaryChinaandtheUK?

（1）Theformsoftheeconomicdevelopingpatharedifferent.Britainistakingthepathofcapitalisteconomy,whileChinaistakingtheroadofmarketeconomyandcommodityeconomywithChinesecharacteristics.

（2）Differentnationaleconomicdevelopmentprocess.Aftertheindustrialrevolution,Britaindirectlyintotheperiodofindustrialeconomicdevelopment,andthengraduallyintotheroadofmoderneconomicdevelopment.However，afterthefoundingofChina,China'seconomybasementwasagriculturaleconomy,thedevelopmentofindustrialeconomywasslow.Afterthereformandopeningup,China'seconomywastransformedfromagriculturaleconomytoindustrialeconomy.

英国Chapter4SocialandCulturalLife

.填空

1）TheexistenceandcontinuityoftheMonarchandSocialClasses,theuseofoldmeasurementunits,suchasmileandpound,andtheresistanceofjoiningtheEurozonearesomeexamplesthatillustratetheconservationofBritishpeople.

2）TheUpperClassisthetopclassintheBritishSociety,anditmainlyconsistedofthepeerage,gentry,andhereditarylandowners.

3）TheofficiallanguageintheUKisEnglish.ItoriginatesfromthelanguagespokenbytheAnglo-Saxons.

4）DuringtheMiddleEnglishperiod,manyFrenchwordswerebroughtintotheEnglishvocabularyandbecamepartofit.

5）ThemainreligioninBritainisChristianity.AlmosthalfoftheBritishpeopleareChristianswhobelieveinGodandBible.

6）ManyholidayscelebratedthroughoutthenationintheUKreflectthereligious,historical,social,andculturalbackground.

7）AtpresenttheofficialbirthdayofQueenElizabethⅡiscelebratedonthesecondSaturdayinJuneeachyearbyamilitaryparadeknownasTroopingtheColor.

8）Itsnationalsportiscricket,whilefootballisundoubtedlythemostpopularsportthroughoutthecountry.

9）RadiointheUnitedKingdomisdominatedbytheBBC,whichoperateradiostationsbothintheUnitedKingdomandabroad.

2.Question

1）WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritishHumor英国人的幽默?

BritishHumorisnormallyrelatedtohistoricandculturalbackgrounds,currentissuesandlanguagetechniques.Itismorelikealifeattituderatherthanmerelytheabilitytolaugha