大学英语三middot问题答疑材料.docx

1、大学英语三middot问题答疑材料大学英语（三）问题答疑材料马静一、 定冠词与不定冠词冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。 （一）不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作e，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做en。 1) 表示一个，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting

2、for you. 2) 代表一类人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer. 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有那（这）个的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 （二）定冠词的用法: 1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine.把药吃了。 2）上文提到过的人或事： He bought a house.Ive been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3）指世上独一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， th

3、e moon， the earth 4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。 5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面： Where do you live?I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。 Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。 6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体： They are the teachers of

4、this school.指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师) 7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。 8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前： the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 9）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家人

5、 (或格林夫妇) 11) 用在惯用语中： in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning等等。二、 虚拟语气的用法：（一）: 最基本的虚拟语气句型:1. 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。If places were alike, there would be little need

6、for geographers.如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。2. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。If he had known your address yesterday,he would have telephoned you.3. 虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should/could/ might

7、+动词原形。If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday4. 省略if 采用倒装语序的条件句。有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。If he had worked harder, he would have got through the exams.=Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.If he were to leave today

8、, he would get there by Friday.=Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.If I were in your place, I wouldnt do that.=Were I in your place, I wouldnt do that.5. 有时虚拟条件句并没用if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。如：We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we woul

9、d have telephoned him. Without you help, I wouldnt have achieved so much. But for （“要不是.”的意思）your help, I would not have succeeded.（二）: 虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况:1. 在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的动词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should 可以省略. 如 advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, pref

10、er, propose, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote.常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request.His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence.The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day.2. 在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的名词

11、后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should可以省略. 如 advice, decision, agreement, command, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc.It was Bills suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.His suggestion was that everyone (should) hav

12、e a map.He gave us a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.3. 在It is/was +形容词后的that 从句中用should的结构, should 可以省略. 这类形容词常见的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, important, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible

13、, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.Its natural that she (should) do so.It is essential that we (should) tell her the news.4. 在 lest 和 for fear that(以免),in case(以防)从句中用should, should 可以省略.She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.Have your gun ready in case we sho

14、uld need it.（三）: wish 后的 that 从句中:1. 表示现在或将来的愿望,从句中过去式.I wish I knew his address.I wish I were young.2. 表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望, 从句用过去完成式或would, could, might + have + 过去分词.I wish you had written to him. I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.3. 如果将wish改成wished

15、, 其后that 从句中动词的形式不变.4. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示 对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.（四）: 在 Its about/ high/ first(second, third etc)time 后的that 从句中,用过去式.表示“该是做什么的时候了”It is about time you

16、were in bed.It is high time we left.It is the first time I came here.（五）: 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that从句中,用过去式或过去完成式,表示“宁愿做什么”I would rather he came tomorrow than today. John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening. （六）: 在if only（“如果.就好了”的意思） 感叹句中,

17、谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.If only he didnt drive so fast! (现在)If only she had asked someones advice.(过去)If only the rain would stop.(将来)（七）: 在as if / as though 从句中,表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑,用过去式;表示过去想象中的动作或情况, 用过去完成式He speaks as if he were on the spot.She spoke to me as if I were deaf.This device operated as t

18、hough it had been repaired.注: 1. 在 as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成为事实, 用陈述语气.He looks as if he is going to be ill.2. 在 insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.She insists that she is right.She insisted that I should finish the work at once.三、 非谓语动词与谓语动词非谓语动词主要包括不定式&动名词&分词（现在分词和过去分词），.即动词的非谓语形式除了

19、不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分它有三种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词1非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有： （1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）

20、He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式） We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） （4）都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being

21、 League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语） 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有： （1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 （2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。 （3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。 （4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制。四、比较级和最高级的构成和用法单音节形容词以及少数以er, ow结尾的形容词和副词加“er”,“est”。例如:great,greater,greatest;fa

22、st,faster,fastest;clever,cleverer,cleverest;narrow,narrower,narrowest 以e结尾的单音节形容词和副词,以及少数以ble,ple结尾的双音节形容词和副词后,加“r”,“st”。例如:large, larger, largest; able, abler, ablest; simple, simpler, simplest 以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节形容词,其前的元音字母发短元音时,该辅音字母要双写,然后加“er”,“est”。例如:hot, hotter, hottest; big, bigger, biggest 以辅音字母加

23、y结尾的形容词和少数不是形容词加ly构成的副词,要将y改为i,再加“er”,“est”。例如:easy, easier, easiest; early, earlier, earliest 一般双音节词、多音节形容词和副词在原级前加more或most。例如:beautiful, more beautiful ,most beautiful; carefully, more carefully, most carefully 少数单音节形容词如real, glad, fond, tired, pleased等也加more和most构成比较级和最高级。例如:tired, more tired; m

24、ost tired, pleased, more pleased, most pleased。形容词与副词的比较等级1. 原级比较（肯定形式asas和否定形式notas/soas）ChineseisnotsodifficultasLatin.注：在形容词原级比较结构的句子中，可以加上数量词作状语，表示倍数或分数关系。Weveproducedtwice/threetimesasmuchcottonthisyearaswedidlastyear.Thislakeishalf/one-thirdasbigasthatone.2.比较级（than或morethan）(a)构成方法：单音节词和少数双音节

25、词（主要是以y结尾的词）前加-er，多数双音节词和全部多音节词前加more。当然，还有些不规则变化的词，如far,old,little,late,good/well,bad/badly/ill,many/much等。(b) 用法（其基本结构为than/morethan）(1) 当同一个动词用于than前后时，一般用一个助动词代替第二个动词。NowwespeakmoreEnglishthanwedidlastterm.(2) 比较级前可加表示程度的状语（如much,many,far,alot,agreatdeal,alittle,abit等），也可加数量词表示倍数、分数和百分数。Theyhave

26、muchmoreknowledge/manymorebooksthanme.Cottonoutputwas2percenthigherthaninthepreviousyear.Thepriceofourproductisonefourthcheaperthanthemarketprice.(3) 使用比较级时要注意避免比较级的重叠、比较级对象的重叠、不合逻辑的比较和搭配错误。*Itislesscoldertodaythanyesterday.（应改为lesscold或colder）*Maryismorebeautifulthananygirlintheclass.（应改为anyothergi

27、rl）*TheclimateofJapanismilderthanCanada.（应改为thatofCanada）*Thisbookisthesamelikethatone.（应改为as）(4)句型“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越越”之意。Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.(5)注意区别morethan（比更，与其说不如说）/morethan（超过，多于）,nomorethan（和一样不）/nomorethan（仅仅）,notmorethan（不如）/notmorethan（不超过）.五、动词时态1 一般情况下，动词时态可根据句中表示时间的状语

28、而定。（具体情况见教材）2 固定句型中的时态情况：(1)时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。PleasegivethebooktoJackwhen/ifhecomesheretomorrow.注：有时will可用于条件状语从句中，但不是表示将来，而是表示意愿。Wellasksomeoneelseifyouwontcome.（注意翻译）(2) 虚拟条件状语从句中的时态问题详见下面的“虚拟语气”部分。(3)since引导的时间状语从句中，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometownsinceIleft.注：如果主句是表

29、示一段时间的话，既可用现在完成时，也可用一般现在时。Itis/hasbeen10yearssinceIleftmyhometown.(4) 动作动词come,go,leave等可用现在进行时代替一般将来时。ImleavingforShanghaitomorrow.(当然也可用willleave)(5)sinceliberation,fortwodays,sofar,untilnow,uptonow,inrecentyears,in/for/over/duringthepast/last/recenttenyears等作状语，谓语动词用现在完成时。Wehaveseeneachotherthree

30、timesinthepasttwomonths.(6) 在句型“It/thisisthefirst/secondtime(that)”中常用现在完成时；在句型“It/thatwasthefirst/secondtime(that)”中常用过去完成时。Itisthethirdtime(that)IhavevisitedJapan.Thatwasthefirsttime(that)hehadspokentome.(7 由by构成的时间状语常跟完成时相呼应。若表示将来，则用将来完成时；若表示过去，则用过去完成时。Wellhavelearned3,000Englishwordsbytheendofthisterm.Bytheendoflastyear,hehadworkedfortenyears.注：由upto构成的时间状语跟by的用法相似，若表示现在，则用现在完成时，如uptonow；若表示过去，则用过去完成时，如uptothen。(8) 在句型“hard