北美考试基础语法 托福 SAT GMAT.docx

1、北美考试基础语法 托福 SAT GMAT北美考试基础语法包乐乐一、课程介绍课程结构简介目录1、 简单句的各种成分2、 各种从句：名词性从句&定语从句&状语从句3、 非谓语动词：不定式&分词（现在分词和过去分词）&动名词4、 平行结构二、句子成分词汇、短语认知对于词汇的认知名词water river California冠词aan the形容词mysterious foolish delicious代词I me it my mine动词exist strike give make副词particularly artistically介词in on at连词and but so because对于

2、短语的认知形容词短语proud ofdifferent fromfull of 动词短语get upcome into beingput up with介词短语in the morningin the roomon ones way toat the end of简单句的基本结构一、 主语+谓语The river slows.The water exists.二、 主语+谓语+宾语I feel emotions.The waves strike the shore.三、 主语+谓语+宾语1+宾语2Science gives people more opportunity.Goals offer

3、 people courage.四、 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补Love makes women foolish.People find Pyramids mysterious.五、 主语+系动词+表语Today is a gift.The hills remain green.The word seems busy.The food tastes delicious.The leaves turn yellow.Everything turns out fine.知识点详解主语：名词&其他相当于名词的结构谓语：动词（及物动词&不及物动词）动词短语宾语：名词&其他相当于名词的结构系动词表语：可以修

4、饰名词的结构（形容词名词）形容词短语、介词短语其他相当于形容词的结构句子成分定语Natural beauty is an all-pervading presence.It unfolds into the numberless flowers of spring.It waves in the branches of trees and the green blades of grass.句子成分同位语Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love,th

5、e search for knowledge,and the unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.句子成分状语The selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor.Cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed.The result is obviously that only the most industrious ones can achieve fin

6、al success.Consequently,the”custodialrhetoric”of the 1930s and early 1940s no longer made sense.The result depends to great extent/greatly on himself.There is a little bird on the top of the trees.定语：可以修饰名词的结构（形容词名词）形容词短语、介词短语其他相当于形容词的结构同位语：名词&其他相当于形容词的结构状语：可以修饰非名词的结构包括修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语、从句和句子的各种结构其他相当于

7、副词的结构插入语打破一个完整的句子结构-插入Attitude, after all, means quite a lot to a students academic performance.A mans feelings for his job will, in particular, reflect the feelings for his life.长难句分析&句子简化题托福阅读长难句分析This “paper money aristocracy ” of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own

8、 profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nations virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth.句子简化题He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at w

9、hich times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. *Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless movements.*Experiments revealed that caged starlings were unable to orient themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.*E

10、xperiments revealed that the restless movement of caged starlings had no clear direction.*Experiments revealed that caged starlings orientation was accurate unless the weather was overcast.SAT语法题目(1)The author, taking the reader on a chronological journey through her native land, skillfully combinin

11、g history and legend with fragments of fiction.(A) The author, taking the reader on a chronological journey through her native land, skillfully(B) The reader is taken on a chronological journey through the authors native land by skillfully(C) The reader is taken on a chronological journey through he

12、r native land by the author who is skillfully(D) The author, who take the reader on a chronological journey through her native land, skillfully(E) The author take the reader on a chronological journey through her native land, skillfullySAT语法题目(2)Pearl Buck, one of the most popular writers of her day

13、, winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938 for her novels about China.A day, winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938 for her novels about ChinaB day, winning the Nobel Prize in Literature which she won in 1938 for her novels about ChinaC day, and she won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1

14、938 for her novels about ChinaD day, won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938 for her novels about ChinaE day, her novels about China bringing her the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938SAT语法题目(3)The Basque language, possibly one of Europeans oldest, whose origins are hotly debatedA The Basque langua

15、ge, possibly one of Europeans oldest, whose origins are hotly debated.B The Basque language, possibly one of Europeans oldest, its origins are hotly debated.C Possibly one of Europeans oldest languages, the origins of Basque are hotly debatedD The origins of the Basque language, possibly one of Euro

16、peans oldest, are hotly debated.E Basque is hotly debated as a language whose origins are possibly Europes oldest.三、主谓一致知识点详解主语和谓语数量上的匹配-主谓一致名词为物质实体-单数和复数名词为抽象概括-单数名词的修饰结构不对名词的数量产生任何影响The bright(A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only (C) in his home state

17、, New Mexico, but also in (D) New york. No error(E).Evidence from surveys and interviews show friendships made in high school tend to last longer than those made in college.A show friendships made in high school tend to last B show high school friendships that tend to lastC is showing high school fr

18、iendships tending to lastD shows that friendships made in high school tend to lastE shows friendships in high school tends to lastGMAT语法（1）While all states face similar industrial waste, problems, the predominating industries and the regulatory environment of the states obviously determines the type

19、s and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal.A all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and the regulatory environment of the states obviously determines.B each state faces a similar industrial waste problem, their predominant industries and

20、 regulatory environment obviously determineC all states face a similar industrial waste problem their predominating industries and regulatory environment obviously determinesD each state faces similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state

21、obviously determinesE all sates face similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determineGMAT语法（2）The lack of complete historical records from the mid-to-late 1800s has made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their or

22、iginators.A have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originatorsB have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originatorsC have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originatorsD has made it difficult to trace some inventions to

23、 their Black originatorsE has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their 主语和谓语数量上的匹配-主谓一致名词为物质实体-单数和复数名词为抽象概括-单数名词的修饰结构不对名词的数量产生任何影响四、时态知识点详解（1）动词的时态与语态一般现在时1. Pride goes before, and shame follows after.2. You dont meet a girl like that every dynasty.知识点详解（2）一般过去You stole your fathe

24、rs armor, ran away from home, impersonated a soldier, deceived your commanding officer, dishonored the Chinese army, destroyed my palace, ANDyou have saved us all.一般将来This mirror will show you anything, anything you wish to see.There will be music, romantic进行状态What are we doing here?We are protectin

25、g people.完成状态MRS.POTTS: Oh, try to be patient, sir. The girl has lost her father and her freedom all in one day.LUMIERE: Uh, master. Have you thought that, perhaps, this girl could be the one to break the spell?BEAST: Of course I have.We have waited for so long!完成进行状态Take this one home.And make sure

26、 his mom knows what he has been doing.总结状态不同时态比较（1）时态主将从现When the cat is away, the mice will play.What beautiful blossoms we have the year. But look, this ones late. But, Ill bet that when it blooms, it will be the most beautiful of all.不同时态比较（2）时态一般过去与现在完成不同时态比较（3）过去完成与一般过去时态的谓语动词各种时态谓语动词形式do doesd

27、idwill doam is are doingwas were doingwill be doinghave/has donehad donewill have donehave/has been doinghad been doingwill have been doing五、 被动形式知识点详解各种时态谓语动词的被动语态形式do doesam/is/are donedidwas/were donewill dowill be doneam is are doingam/is/are being donewas were doingwas/were being donewill be do

28、ingwill be being donehave/has donehave/has been donehad donehad been donewill have donewill have been donehave /has been doinghave/has been being donehad been doinghad been being donewill have been doing-?六、 情态动词温馨提示：本节没有讲义，请认真观看老师板书并做好笔记。知识点详解情态动词mustcan maybe donecan do-can be donecan be doing-can

29、 be being donecan have done-have been donecan have been done-can have been doing done七、 过去式和过去分词温馨提示：本节没有讲义，请认真观看老师板书并做好笔记。知识点详解八、 时态及时态的谓语动词SAT题目Jerome often referred to (A) art history textbook while he (B) was sculpting whenever he learned a new method in art class; he seeks out (C) the work of s

30、culptors who had used it (D) in the past. No error (E).In the belief that crossword puzzles stimulated her mind, Dolores will spend hours on them every week.(A) Dolores will spend hours on them every week(B) Dolores would spend hours on them every week(C) hours of every week are spent on them by Dol

31、ores(D) they occupied hours of every week for Dolores(E) every week will find Dolores spending hours on themGMAT题目（1）GMAT语法In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines have been priced to sell, and they are.(A) have been priced to sell, and they are(B) are priced to sell, and they have(C) are priced to sell, and they do(D) are being priced to sell, and have(E) had been priced to sell, and they have GMAT题目（2）Some bu