北美考试基础语法 托福 SAT GMAT.docx

北美考试基础语法 托福 SAT GMAT.docx

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北美考试基础语法托福SATGMAT

北美考试基础语法

包乐乐

一、课程介绍

课程结构简介

目录

1、简单句的各种成分

2、各种从句：

名词性从句&定语从句&状语从句

3、非谓语动词：

不定式&分词（现在分词和过去分词）&动名词

4、平行结构

二、句子成分

词汇、短语认知

对于词汇的认知

名词waterriverCalifornia

冠词aanthe

形容词mysteriousfoolishdelicious

代词Imeitmymine

动词existstrikegivemake

副词particularlyartistically

介词inonat

连词andbutsobecause

对于短语的认知

形容词短语proudof

differentfrom

fullof

动词短语getup

comeintobeing

putupwith

介词短语inthemorning

intheroom

onone’swayto

attheendof

简单句的基本结构

一、主语+谓语

Theriverslows.

Thewaterexists.

二、主语+谓语+宾语

Ifeelemotions.

Thewavesstriketheshore.

三、主语+谓语+宾语1+宾语2

Sciencegivespeoplemoreopportunity.

Goalsofferpeoplecourage.

四、主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

Lovemakeswomenfoolish.

PeoplefindPyramidsmysterious.

五、主语+系动词+表语

Todayisagift.

Thehillsremaingreen.

Thewordseemsbusy.

Thefoodtastesdelicious.

Theleavesturnyellow.

Everythingturnsoutfine.

知识点详解

主语：

名词&其他相当于名词的结构

谓语：

动词（及物动词&不及物动词）

动词短语

宾语：

名词&其他相当于名词的结构

系动词

表语：

可以修饰名词的结构（形容词名词）

形容词短语、介词短语

其他相当于形容词的结构

句子成分——定语

Naturalbeautyisanall-pervadingpresence.

Itunfoldsintothenumberlessflowersofspring.

Itwavesinthebranchesoftreesandthegreenbladesofgrass.

句子成分——同位语

Threepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong,havegovernedmylife:

thelongingforlove,

thesearchforknowledge,

andtheunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.

句子成分——状语

Theselectionofmusicforeachfilmprogramrestedentirelyinthehandsoftheconductor.

Conesarenaturallyslightlyopenortightlyclosed.

Theresultisobviouslythatonlythemostindustriousonescanachievefinalsuccess.

Consequently,the”custodialrhetoric”ofthe1930’sandearly1940’snolongermadesense.

Theresultdependstogreatextent/greatlyonhimself.

Thereisalittlebirdonthetopofthetrees.

定语：

可以修饰名词的结构（形容词名词）

形容词短语、介词短语

其他相当于形容词的结构

同位语：

名词&其他相当于形容词的结构

状语：

可以修饰非名词的结构

包括修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语、从句和句子的各种结构

其他相当于副词的结构

插入语

打破一个完整的句子结构-插入

Attitude,afterall,meansquitealottoastudent’sacademicperformance.

Aman’sfeelingsforhisjobwill,inparticular,reflectthefeelingsforhislife.

长难句分析&句子简化题

托福阅读长难句分析

This“papermoneyaristocracy”ofbankersandinvestorsmanipulatedthebankingsystemfortheirownprofit,Democratsclaimed,andsappedthenation’svirtuebyencouragingspeculationandthedesireforsudden,unearnedwealth.

句子简化题

Hethensetupexperimentswithcagedstarlingsandfoundthattheirorientationwas,infact,inthepropermigratorydirectionexceptwhentheskywasovercast,atwhichtimestherewasnocleardirectiontotheirrestlessmovements.

*Experimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlingsdisplayedalackofdirectionalsenseandrestlessmovements.

*Experimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlingswereunabletoorientthemselvesinthedirectionoftheirnormalmigratoryroute.

*Experimentsrevealedthattherestlessmovementofcagedstarlingshadnocleardirection.

*Experimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlings’orientationwasaccurateunlesstheweatherwasovercast.

SAT语法题目

（1）

Theauthor,takingthereaderonachronologicaljourneythroughhernativeland,skillfullycombininghistoryandlegendwithfragmentsoffiction.

（A）Theauthor,takingthereaderonachronologicaljourneythroughhernativeland,skillfully

（B）Thereaderistakenonachronologicaljourneythroughtheauthor’snativelandbyskillfully

（C）Thereaderistakenonachronologicaljourneythroughhernativelandbytheauthorwhoisskillfully

（D）Theauthor,whotakethereaderonachronologicaljourneythroughhernativeland,skillfully

（E）Theauthortakethereaderonachronologicaljourneythroughhernativeland,skillfully

SAT语法题目

（2）

PearlBuck,oneofthemostpopularwritersofherday,winningtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1938forhernovelsaboutChina.

Aday,winningtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1938forhernovelsaboutChina

Bday,winningtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturewhichshewonin1938forhernovelsaboutChina

Cday,andshewontheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1938forhernovelsaboutChina

Dday,wontheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1938forhernovelsaboutChina

Eday,hernovelsaboutChinabringinghertheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1938

SAT语法题目（3）

TheBasquelanguage,possiblyoneofEuropean’soldest,whoseoriginsarehotlydebated

ATheBasquelanguage,possiblyoneofEuropean’soldest,whoseoriginsarehotlydebated.

BTheBasquelanguage,possiblyoneofEuropean’soldest,itsoriginsarehotlydebated.

CPossiblyoneofEuropean’soldestlanguages,theoriginsofBasquearehotlydebated

DTheoriginsoftheBasquelanguage,possiblyoneofEuropean’soldest,arehotlydebated.

EBasqueishotlydebatedasalanguagewhoseoriginsarepossiblyEurope’soldest.

三、主谓一致

知识点详解

主语和谓语数量上的匹配-主谓一致

名词为物质实体-单数和复数

名词为抽象概括-单数

名词的修饰结构不对名词的数量产生任何影响

Thebright（A）fiberglasssculpturesofLuisJimenezhasreceived（B）criticalacclaimnotonly（C）inhishomestate,NewMexico,butalsoin（D）Newyork.Noerror（E）.

Evidencefromsurveysandinterviewsshowfriendshipsmadeinhighschooltendtolastlongerthanthosemadeincollege.

Ashowfriendshipsmadeinhighschooltendtolast

Bshowhighschoolfriendshipsthattendtolast

Cisshowinghighschoolfriendshipstendingtolast

Dshowsthatfriendshipsmadeinhighschooltendtolast

Eshowsfriendshipsinhighschooltendstolast

GMAT语法

（1）

Whileallstatesfacesimilarindustrialwaste,problems,thepredominatingindustriesandtheregulatoryenvironmentofthestatesobviouslydeterminesthetypesandamountsofwasteproduced,aswellasthecostofdisposal.

Aallstatesfacesimilarindustrialwasteproblems,thepredominatingindustriesandtheregulatoryenvironmentofthestatesobviouslydetermines.

Beachstatefacesasimilarindustrialwasteproblem,theirpredominantindustriesandregulatoryenvironmentobviouslydetermine

Callstatesfaceasimilarindustrialwasteproblemtheirpredominatingindustriesandregulatoryenvironmentobviouslydetermines

Deachstatefacessimilarindustrialwasteproblems,thepredominantindustriesandtheregulatoryenvironmentofeachstateobviouslydetermines

Eallsatesfacesimilarindustrialwasteproblems,thepredominantindustriesandtheregulatoryenvironmentofeachstateobviouslydetermine

GMAT语法

（2）

Thelackofcompletehistoricalrecordsfromthemid-to-late1800’shasmadesomeBlackinventionsdifficulttotracetotheiroriginators.

AhavemadesomeBlackinventionsdifficulttotracetotheiroriginators

BhavemadefordifficultiesintracingsomeinventionsbyBlackstotheiroriginators

ChavemadeitdifficulttotracesomeinventionsbyBlackstotheiroriginators

DhasmadeitdifficulttotracesomeinventionstotheirBlackoriginators

EhasmadeitdifficultintracingsomeBlackinventionstotheir

主语和谓语数量上的匹配-主谓一致

名词为物质实体-单数和复数

名词为抽象概括-单数

名词的修饰结构不对名词的数量产生任何影响

四、时态

知识点详解

（1）

动词的时态与语态

一般现在时

1.Pridegoesbefore,andshamefollowsafter.

2.Youdon’tmeetagirllikethateverydynasty.

知识点详解

（2）

一般过去

Youstoleyourfather’sarmor,ranawayfromhome,impersonatedasoldier,deceivedyourcommandingofficer,dishonoredtheChinesearmy,destroyedmypalace,AND…youhavesavedusall.

一般将来

Thismirrorwillshowyouanything,anythingyouwishtosee.

Therewillbemusic,romantic

进行状态

Whatarewedoinghere?

Weareprotectingpeople.

完成状态

MRS.POTTS:

Oh,trytobepatient,sir.Thegirlhaslostherfatherandherfreedomallinoneday.

LUMIERE:

Uh,master.Haveyouthoughtthat,perhaps,thisgirlcouldbetheonetobreakthespell?

BEAST:

OfcourseIhave.

Wehavewaitedforsolong!

完成进行状态

Takethisonehome.

Andmakesurehismomknowswhathehasbeendoing.

总结

状态

不同时态比较

（1）

时态

主将从现

Whenthecatisaway,themicewillplay.

Whatbeautifulblossomswehavetheyear.Butlook,thisone’slate.But,I’llbetthatwhenitblooms,itwillbethemostbeautifulofall.

不同时态比较

（2）

时态

一般过去与现在完成

不同时态比较（3）

过去完成与一般过去

时态的谓语动词

各种时态谓语动词形式

dodoes

did

willdo

amisaredoing

wasweredoing

willbedoing

have/hasdone

haddone

willhavedone

have/hasbeendoing

hadbeendoing

willhavebeendoing

五、被动形式

知识点详解

各种时态谓语动词的被动语态形式

dodoes—am/is/aredone

did—was/weredone

willdo—willbedone

amisaredoing—am/is/arebeingdone

wasweredoing—was/werebeingdone

willbedoing—willbebeingdone

have/hasdone—have/hasbeendone

haddone—hadbeendone

willhavedone—willhavebeendone

have/hasbeendoing—have/hasbeenbeingdone

hadbeendoing—hadbeenbeingdone

willhavebeendoing--?

六、情态动词

温馨提示：

本节没有讲义，请认真观看老师板书并做好笔记。

知识点详解

情态动词

must

can

may

bedone

cando-canbedone

canbedoing-canbebeingdone

canhavedone-havebeendone

canhavebeendone-canhavebeendoingdone

七、过去式和过去分词

温馨提示：

本节没有讲义，请认真观看老师板书并做好笔记。

知识点详解

八、时态及时态的谓语动词

SAT题目

Jeromeoftenreferredto（A）arthistorytextbookwhilehe（B）wassculptingwheneverhelearnedanewmethodinartclass;heseeksout（C）theworkofsculptorswhohadusedit（D）inthepast.Noerror（E）.

Inthebeliefthatcrosswordpuzzlesstimulatedhermind,Doloreswillspendhoursonthemeveryweek.

（A）Doloreswillspendhoursonthemeveryweek

（B）Doloreswouldspendhoursonthemeveryweek

（C）hoursofeveryweekarespentonthembyDolores

（D）theyoccupiedhoursofeveryweekforDolores

（E）everyweekwillfindDoloresspendinghoursonthem

GMAT题目

（1）

GMAT语法

Inanefforttoreducetheirinventories,Italianvintnershavecutprices;theirwineshavebeenpricedtosell,andtheyare.

（A）havebeenpricedtosell,andtheyare

（B）arepricedtosell,andtheyhave

（C）arepricedtosell,andtheydo

（D）arebeingpricedtosell,andhave

（E）hadbeenpricedtosell,andtheyhave

GMAT题目

（2）

Somebu