押全国卷3235题 阅读理解D篇说明文解析版备战高考英语临考题号押题全国卷3.docx

1、押全国卷3235题 阅读理解D篇说明文解析版备战高考英语临考题号押题全国卷3押全国卷3第3235题阅读理解D篇说明文命题探究说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，在全国卷的阅读理解中每年都涉及到说明文的考查，是必考问题之一。因此考生在备考时要多加关注，勤加练习。说明文的选材都是各专业领域的前沿问题，尤以科技类说明文居多。说明文的词汇和句式的运用比其他体裁文章而言，难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一个词的不同词性用法交替出现。未列入考纲的生词较多，专业术语也多，且对考生而言比较陌生。文章中的长难句比较多。这些都导致考生在阅读时难度很大。解题秘籍一、通过篇首确定说明对象说明文一般都开门见山，在篇首

2、会阐明文章的说明对象。学生课通过阅读文章手段迅速确定文章的说明对象，有助于考生把握文章主旨。二、关注每段首尾句说明文从第二段开始，通常从不同的方面对说明对象进行深入说明。段落通常由topic sentence（主旨句），supporting details （支撑细节），和concluding sentence（总结句）三个部分组成。作者一般在段首表明段落的主旨，有时在段尾进行总结给出段落主旨，或者段首段尾以不同的文字给出。因此，阅读时，要关注每段的首尾句，确定段落的大意或主旨。阅读段落尾句还可以帮助我们理清段落之间的逻辑关系。三、充分利用文章中说明方式的运用和语篇标记词说明文中常见的说明方法

3、有下定义，作诠释，举例子，作引用等。考生可以通过文中下定义，作诠释的内容猜测生词或术语的含义。举例子是为了是说明对象具体化，考生可以充分读懂段落中文中的例子，更好地理解段落主旨。作引用通常引用专家，名人等话语，充当说明的依据或内容来说明，介绍事物。常见的语篇标记词有：表示对比反差，如but,however,yet,unlike,in contrast,on the contrary；表示相似性，如likewise,similarly,in the same way；表示补充细节，如also,moreover,furthermore,additionally,in addition；表示原因，如

4、because,as,since,as a result of,due to,thanks to；表示结果，如so,as a result,therefore,thus,consequently,in consequence；表示举例子，如for example,for instance,such as.考生应当充分利用这些说明方法的运用，增加对文章主旨和细节的理解。真题回顾Passage 1（2020 全国卷第3235题）We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of yea

5、rs ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that h

6、elps them digest milk as adults. On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, numbe

7、r in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, theyve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Rodney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who

8、 studies the Bajau.Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them a

9、ctually walking under the sea.”In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. It seemed like the p

10、erfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B. New knowledge of hu

11、man evolution.C. Recent findings of human origin. D. Significance of food selection.33. Where do the Bajau build their houses? A. In valleys. B. Near rivers.C. On the beach. D. Off the coast. 34. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau? A. They could walk on stilts all day. B. They had a

12、superb way of fishing.C. They could stay long underwater.D. They lived on both land and water.35. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders Survival SkillsC. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The Worlds Best Divers【文章导读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了人类在不断地进化，所

13、居住的环境和从事的活动都在影响着人类的身体特征，使之更适应环境。32. B 【解析】推理判断题 根据第一段的第一句和第二句可知，人类的进化不只发生在数十亿年前，在过去的几千年里也一直在进化。下面举的例子就是在说明这一点，即对人类进化的新的认识。33. D 【解析】事实细节题 根据第二段第四句built houses on stilts in coastal waters可知，巴瑶人沿海居住。34. C 【解析】事实细节题 根据第三段第三句We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local isl

14、anders可知令Jubilado感到惊讶的是巴瑶人可以在水下停留很久。astonished与文中的amazed为同义异构。35. A 【解析】主旨大意题 纵观全文，作者主要介绍了人类的进化不只发生在数十亿年前，近几千年人类也一直在进化。作者主要以巴瑶人为例，讲述了在从事潜水活动的过程中，他们的身体结构逐渐变得更加适应水下环境，由此可知Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea为适合的标题。 Passage 2（2019全国卷第3235题）The connection between people and plants has long been the subjec

15、t of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.Th

16、e engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and

17、a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experim

18、ents using some common vegetables. Stranos team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-

19、powered street lamps.in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plants lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and offswitchwhere the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Li

20、ghting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distanc

21、e and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detec

22、t plants lack of waterB. To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energ

23、y consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?【文章导读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿

24、色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。32. D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their wo

25、rkplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。33. A【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful c

26、hemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。34. C【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。35. C【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting a

27、ccounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore

28、help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。Passage 3（2019全国卷第3235题）Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.A te

29、am of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined or added the symbols to get the reward.Heres how Harvard Medical Sc

30、hool scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one s

31、ide of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers 17 in this example.After running hundreds of tests, th

32、e researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate (低估) a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. T