TPO5 文本标注沉诗萌14页文档资料.docx

1、TPO5 文本标注沉诗萌14页文档资料TPO 5课本、报刊杂志中的成语、名言警句等俯首皆是,但学生写作文运用到文章中的甚少,即使运用也很难做到恰如其分。为什么?还是没有彻底“记死”的缘故。要解决这个问题,方法很简单,每天花3-5分钟左右的时间记一条成语、一则名言警句即可。可以写在后黑板的“积累专栏”上每日一换,可以在每天课前的3分钟让学生轮流讲解,也可让学生个人搜集,每天往笔记本上抄写,教师定期检查等等。这样,一年就可记300多条成语、300多则名言警句,日积月累,终究会成为一笔不小的财富。这些成语典故“贮藏”在学生脑中,自然会出口成章,写作时便会随心所欲地“提取”出来,使文章增色添辉。 Pa

2、ssage 1其实,任何一门学科都离不开死记硬背,关键是记忆有技巧,“死记”之后会“活用”。不记住那些基础知识,怎么会向高层次进军?尤其是语文学科涉猎的范围很广,要真正提高学生的写作水平,单靠分析文章的写作技巧是远远不够的,必须从基础知识抓起,每天挤一点时间让学生“死记”名篇佳句、名言警句,以及丰富的词语、新颖的材料等。这样,就会在有限的时间、空间里给学生的脑海里注入无限的内容。日积月累,积少成多,从而收到水滴石穿,绳锯木断的功效。 Conversation1课本、报刊杂志中的成语、名言警句等俯首皆是,但学生写作文运用到文章中的甚少,即使运用也很难做到恰如其分。为什么?还是没有彻底“记死”的缘

3、故。要解决这个问题,方法很简单,每天花3-5分钟左右的时间记一条成语、一则名言警句即可。可以写在后黑板的“积累专栏”上每日一换,可以在每天课前的3分钟让学生轮流讲解,也可让学生个人搜集,每天往笔记本上抄写,教师定期检查等等。这样,一年就可记300多条成语、300多则名言警句,日积月累,终究会成为一笔不小的财富。这些成语典故“贮藏”在学生脑中,自然会出口成章,写作时便会随心所欲地“提取”出来,使文章增色添辉。 NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a counselor at the University Counselin

4、g Center.StudentHi, thanks for seeing me on such short notice.CounselorNo problem. How can I help?StudentWell, I think I might have made a mistake coming to the school.(Q1)CounselorWhat makes you say that?StudentIm a little overwhelmed by the size of this place.(Q1) I come from a small town. There w

5、ere only 75 of us in my high school graduating class. Everyone knew everyone. We all grew up together.CounselorSo its a bit of a culture shock for you? Being one of 15,000 students on a big campus in an unfamiliar city?StudentThats an understatement.(Q2) I just cant get comfortable in class or in th

6、e dorms. You know, socially.CounselorHmmmwell, lets start with your academics. Tell me about your classes.StudentIm taking mostly introductory courses and some are taught in these huge lecture halls.CounselorAnd you are having trouble in keeping pace with the material?StudentNo, in fact I got an A o

7、n my first economics paper. Its just that, its so impersonal, Im not used to it.CounselorAre all your classes impersonal?StudentNo, its just thatfor example, in sociology yesterday, the professor asked a question, so I raised my hand, several of us raised our hands. And I kept my hand up because I d

8、id the reading and knew the answer. But the professor just answered his own question and continued with the lecture.(Q3)CounselorWell, in a big room its possible he didnt notice you. Maybe he was trying to save time. In either case I wouldnt take it personally.StudentI suppose. But I just dont know

9、how to, you know, distinguish myself.CounselorWhy not stop by his office during office hours?StudentThat wouldnt seem right. You know, taking time from other students who need help?CounselorDont say that. Thats what office hours are for. There is no reason you couldnt pop in to say hi and to make yo

10、urself known.(Q4 C) If you are learning a lot in class, let the professor know. Wouldnt you appreciate positive feedback if you were a professor?(Q4 A)StudentYou are right. Thats a good idea.CounselorOK, erlets turn to your social life. Hows it going in the dorms?StudentI dont have much in common wi

11、th my roommate or anyone else Ive met so far. Everyones into sports and Im more artsy, you know, into music. I play the cello.CounselorHah, have you been playing long?StudentSince age ten. Its a big part of my life. At home I was the youngest member of our community orchestra.CounselorYou are not go

12、ing to believe this. There is a string quartet on campus, all students. And it so happened that the cellist graduated last year. Theyve been searching high and low for a replacement, someone with experience. Would you be interested in auditioning?StudentAbsolutely. I wanted to get my academic work s

13、ettled before pursuing my music here. But I think this would be a good thing for me. I guess if I really want to fit in here I should find people who love music as much as I do.(Q5) Thank you.CounselorMy pleasure.Passage2Lecture1-Sociology(Memes)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a sociology cla

14、ss.Professor:Have you ever heard the one about alligators living in New York sewers? The story goes like this: a family went on vacation in Florida and bought a couple of baby alligators as presents for their children, then returned from vacation to New York, bringing the alligators home with them a

15、s pets. But the alligators would escape and find their way into the New York sewer system where they started reproducing, grew to huge sizes and now strike fear into sewer workers. Have you heard this story? Well, it isnt true and it never happened. But despite that, the story has been around since

16、the 1930s. Or how about the song twinkle, twinkle little star, you know, twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are. Well weve all heard this song. Where am I going with this? Well, both the song and the story are examples of memes.(Q7) And thats what we would talk about, the theory of

17、 memes.(Q6)A meme is defined as a piece of information copied from person to person.(Q6) By this definition, most of what you know, ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes. All the words you know, all the scientific theories youve learned, the rules your parents taught you to observe, all are memes(

18、Q8) that have been passed on from person to person. So what? You may say. Passing on ideas from one person to another is nothing new. Well, the whole point of defining this familiar process as transmission of memes is so that we can explore its analogy with the transmission of genes. As you know, al

19、l living organisms pass on biological information through the genes. Whats a gene? A gene is a piece of biological information that gets copied or replicated, and the copy or replica is passed on to the new generation. So genes are defined as replicators. Genes are replicators that pass on informati

20、on about properties and characteristics of organisms. By analogy, memes also get replicated and in the process pass on cultural information from person to person, generation to generation. So memes are also replicators. To be a successful replicator, there are three key characteristics: longevity, f

21、ecundity and fidelity. Lets take a closer look. First, longevity. A replicator must exist long enough to be able to get copied, and transfer its information. Clearly, the longer a replicator survives, the better its chances of getting its message copied and passed on. So longevity is a key character

22、istic of a replicator. If you take the alligator story, it can exist for a long time in individual memory, lets say, my memory. I can tell you the story now or ten years from now,(Q9) the same with the twinkle, twinkle song. So these memes have longevity because they are memorable for one reason or

23、another. Next, fecundity. Fecundity is the ability to reproduce in large numbers. For example, the common housefly reproduces by laying several thousand eggs, so each fly gene gets copied thousands of times. Memes, well, they can be reproduced in large numbers as well. How many times have you sung t

24、hetwinkle, twinkle song to someone?(Q10) Each time you replicated that song, and maybe passed it along to someone who did not know it yet, a small child maybe. And finally, fidelity. Fidelity means accuracy of the copying process. We know fidelity is an essential principle of genetic transmission. I

25、f a copy of a gene is a bit different from the original, thats called a genetic mutation. And mutations are usually bad news. An organism often cannot survive with a mutated gene. And so a gene usually cannot be passed on, unless its an exact copy. For memes however, fidelity is not always so import

26、ant. For example, if you tell someone the alligator story I told you today, it probably wont be word for word exactly as I said it. Still, it will be basically the same story, and the person who hears the story will be able to pass it along. Other memes are replicated with higher fidelity though, li

27、ke the twinkle, twinkle song. It had the exact same words 20 years ago as it does now. Well, thats because we see songs as something that has to be performed accurately each time. If you change a word, the others will usually bring you in line.(Q11) Theyll say, thats not how you sing it, right? So,

28、you can see how looking at pieces of cultural information as replicators, as memes, and analyzing them in terms of longevity, fecundity and fidelity, we can gain some insight about how they spread, persist or change.Passage3Lecture2-Astronomy(SPA Basin)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in an Astro

29、nomy ClassProfessor:Last week, we covered some arguments against going back to the Moon. But there are compelling reasons in favor of another Moon landing too,(Q12) um not the least of which is trying to pinpoint the moons age. We could do this in theory by studying an enormous impact crater, known

30、as the South Pole-Aitken Basin. Umits located in the moons South Polar Region. But, since its on the far side of the moon, it can only be seen from space. Here is an image ofwell call it the SPA Basin. This color-coated image of the SPA Basin, those arent its actual colors obviously, this image is f

31、rom the mid 90s, from the American spacecraft called Clementine. Um unlike earlier lunar missions, Clementine didnt orbit only around the moons equator.(Q13) Its orbits enabled it to send back data to create this topographical map of well, the grey and white area towards the bottom is the South Pole

32、,(Q13) the purples and blues in the middle correspond to low elevations - the SPA Basin itself, the oranges and reds around it are higher elevations. The basin measures an amazing 2,500 km in diameter, and its average depth is 12 km. That makes it the biggest known crater in our solar system and it may well be the oldest. You know planetary researchers love studying deep craters to learn about the impacts that created them, how they redistributed pieces of the planet