TPO5 文本标注沉诗萌14页文档资料.docx

TPO5 文本标注沉诗萌14页文档资料.docx

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TPO5文本标注沉诗萌14页文档资料

TPO5

课本、报刊杂志中的成语、名言警句等俯首皆是,但学生写作文运用到文章中的甚少,即使运用也很难做到恰如其分。

为什么?

还是没有彻底“记死”的缘故。

要解决这个问题,方法很简单,每天花3-5分钟左右的时间记一条成语、一则名言警句即可。

可以写在后黑板的“积累专栏”上每日一换,可以在每天课前的3分钟让学生轮流讲解,也可让学生个人搜集,每天往笔记本上抄写,教师定期检查等等。

这样,一年就可记300多条成语、300多则名言警句,日积月累,终究会成为一笔不小的财富。

这些成语典故“贮藏”在学生脑中,自然会出口成章,写作时便会随心所欲地“提取”出来,使文章增色添辉。

Passage1

其实,任何一门学科都离不开死记硬背,关键是记忆有技巧,“死记”之后会“活用”。

不记住那些基础知识,怎么会向高层次进军?

尤其是语文学科涉猎的范围很广,要真正提高学生的写作水平,单靠分析文章的写作技巧是远远不够的,必须从基础知识抓起,每天挤一点时间让学生“死记”名篇佳句、名言警句,以及丰富的词语、新颖的材料等。

这样,就会在有限的时间、空间里给学生的脑海里注入无限的内容。

日积月累,积少成多,从而收到水滴石穿,绳锯木断的功效。

Conversation1

课本、报刊杂志中的成语、名言警句等俯首皆是,但学生写作文运用到文章中的甚少,即使运用也很难做到恰如其分。

为什么?

还是没有彻底“记死”的缘故。

要解决这个问题,方法很简单,每天花3-5分钟左右的时间记一条成语、一则名言警句即可。

可以写在后黑板的“积累专栏”上每日一换,可以在每天课前的3分钟让学生轮流讲解,也可让学生个人搜集,每天往笔记本上抄写,教师定期检查等等。

这样,一年就可记300多条成语、300多则名言警句,日积月累,终究会成为一笔不小的财富。

这些成语典故“贮藏”在学生脑中,自然会出口成章,写作时便会随心所欲地“提取”出来,使文章增色添辉。

Narrator

ListentoaconversationbetweenastudentandacounselorattheUniversityCounselingCenter.

Student

Hi,thanksforseeingmeonsuchshortnotice.

Counselor

Noproblem.HowcanIhelp?

Student

Well,IthinkImighthavemadeamistakecomingtotheschool.（Q1）

Counselor

Whatmakesyousaythat?

Student

I’malittleoverwhelmedbythesizeofthisplace.（Q1）Icomefromasmalltown.Therewereonly75ofusinmyhighschoolgraduatingclass.Everyonekneweveryone.Weallgrewuptogether.

Counselor

Soit’sabitofacultureshockforyou?

Beingoneof15,000studentsonabigcampusinanunfamiliarcity?

Student

That’sanunderstatement.（Q2）Ijustcan’tgetcomfortableinclassorinthedorms.Youknow,socially.

Counselor

Hmmm…well,let’sstartwithyouracademics.Tellmeaboutyourclasses.

Student

I’mtakingmostlyintroductorycoursesandsomearetaughtinthesehugelecturehalls.

Counselor

Andyouarehavingtroubleinkeepingpacewiththematerial?

Student

No,infactIgotanAonmyfirsteconomicspaper.It’sjustthat,it’ssoimpersonal,I’mnotusedtoit.

Counselor

Areallyourclassesimpersonal?

Student

No,it’sjustthat…forexample,insociologyyesterday,theprofessoraskedaquestion,soIraisedmyhand,severalofusraisedourhands.AndIkeptmyhandupbecauseIdidthereadingandknewtheanswer.Buttheprofessorjustansweredhisownquestionandcontinuedwiththelecture.（Q3）

Counselor

Well,inabigroomit’spossiblehedidn’tnoticeyou.Maybehewastryingtosavetime.IneithercaseIwouldn’ttakeitpersonally.

Student

Isuppose.ButIjustdon’tknowhowto,youknow,distinguishmyself.

Counselor

Whynotstopbyhisofficeduringofficehours?

Student

Thatwouldn’tseemright.Youknow,takingtimefromotherstudentswhoneedhelp?

Counselor

Don’tsaythat.That’swhatofficehoursarefor.Thereisnoreasonyoucouldn’tpopintosayhiandtomakeyourselfknown.（Q4C）Ifyouarelearningalotinclass,lettheprofessorknow.Wouldn’tyouappreciatepositivefeedbackifyouwereaprofessor?

（Q4A）

Student

Youareright.That’sagoodidea.

Counselor

OK,er…let’sturntoyoursociallife.How’sitgoinginthedorms?

Student

Idon’thavemuchincommonwithmyroommateoranyoneelseI’vemetsofar.Everyone’sintosportsandI’mmoreartsy,youknow,intomusic.Iplaythecello.

Counselor

Hah,haveyoubeenplayinglong?

Student

Sinceageten.It’sabigpartofmylife.AthomeIwastheyoungestmemberofourcommunityorchestra.

Counselor

Youarenotgoingtobelievethis.Thereisastringquartetoncampus,allstudents.Anditsohappenedthatthecellistgraduatedlastyear.They’vebeensearchinghighandlowforareplacement,someonewithexperience.Wouldyoubeinterestedinauditioning?

Student

Absolutely.Iwantedtogetmyacademicworksettledbeforepursuingmymusichere.ButIthinkthiswouldbeagoodthingforme.IguessifIreallywanttofitinhereIshouldfindpeoplewholovemusicasmuchasIdo.（Q5）Thankyou.

Counselor

Mypleasure.

Passage2

Lecture1-Sociology（Memes）

Narrator

Listentopartofalectureinasociologyclass.

Professor:

HaveyoueverheardtheoneaboutalligatorslivinginNewYorksewers?

Thestorygoeslikethis:

afamilywentonvacationinFloridaandboughtacoupleofbabyalligatorsaspresentsfortheirchildren,thenreturnedfromvacationtoNewYork,bringingthealligatorshomewiththemaspets.ButthealligatorswouldescapeandfindtheirwayintotheNewYorksewersystemwheretheystartedreproducing,grewtohugesizesandnowstrikefearintosewerworkers.Haveyouheardthisstory?

Well,itisn’ttrueanditneverhappened.Butdespitethat,thestoryhasbeenaroundsincethe1930s.

Orhowaboutthesong‘twinkle,twinklelittlestar’,youknow,‘twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,howIwonderwhatyouare’.Wellwe’veallheardthissong.WhereamIgoingwiththis?

Well,boththesongandthestoryareexamplesofmemes.（Q7）Andthat’swhatwewouldtalkabout,thetheoryofmemes.（Q6）

Amemeisdefinedasapieceofinformationcopiedfrompersontoperson.（Q6）Bythisdefinition,mostofwhatyouknow,ideas,skills,stories,songsarememes.Allthewordsyouknow,allthescientifictheoriesyou’velearned,therulesyourparentstaughtyoutoobserve,allarememes（Q8）thathavebeenpassedonfrompersontoperson.

Sowhat?

Youmaysay.Passingonideasfromonepersontoanotherisnothingnew.Well,thewholepointofdefiningthisfamiliarprocessastransmissionofmemesissothatwecanexploreitsanalogywiththetransmissionofgenes.Asyouknow,alllivingorganismspassonbiologicalinformationthroughthegenes.What’sagene?

Ageneisapieceofbiologicalinformationthatgetscopiedorreplicated,andthecopyorreplicaispassedontothenewgeneration.Sogenesaredefinedasreplicators.Genesarereplicatorsthatpassoninformationaboutpropertiesandcharacteristicsoforganisms.Byanalogy,memesalsogetreplicatedandintheprocesspassonculturalinformationfrompersontoperson,generationtogeneration.Somemesarealsoreplicators.

Tobeasuccessfulreplicator,therearethreekeycharacteristics:

longevity,fecundityandfidelity.Let’stakeacloserlook.

First,longevity.Areplicatormustexistlongenoughtobeabletogetcopied,andtransferitsinformation.Clearly,thelongerareplicatorsurvives,thebetteritschancesofgettingitsmessagecopiedandpassedon.Solongevityisakeycharacteristicofareplicator.Ifyoutakethealligatorstory,itcanexistforalongtimeinindividualmemory,let’ssay,mymemory.Icantellyouthestorynowortenyearsfromnow,（Q9）thesamewiththetwinkle,twinklesong.Sothesememeshavelongevitybecausetheyarememorableforonereasonoranother.

Next,fecundity.Fecundityistheabilitytoreproduceinlargenumbers.Forexample,thecommonhouseflyreproducesbylayingseveralthousandeggs,soeachflygenegetscopiedthousandsoftimes.Memes,well,theycanbereproducedinlargenumbersaswell.Howmanytimeshaveyousungthe‘twinkle,twinklesong’tosomeone?

（Q10）Eachtimeyoureplicatedthatsong,andmaybepasseditalongtosomeonewhodidnotknowityet,asmallchildmaybe.

Andfinally,fidelity.Fidelitymeansaccuracyofthecopyingprocess.Weknowfidelityisanessentialprincipleofgenetictransmission.Ifacopyofageneisabitdifferentfromtheoriginal,that’scalledageneticmutation.Andmutationsareusuallybadnews.Anorganismoftencannotsurvivewithamutatedgene.Andsoageneusuallycannotbepassedon,unlessit’sanexactcopy.Formemeshowever,fidelityisnotalwayssoimportant.Forexample,ifyoutellsomeonethealligatorstoryItoldyoutoday,itprobablywon’tbewordforwordexactlyasIsaidit.Still,itwillbebasicallythesamestory,andthepersonwhohearsthestorywillbeabletopassitalong.

Othermemesarereplicatedwithhigherfidelitythough,likethetwinkle,twinklesong.Ithadtheexactsamewords20yearsagoasitdoesnow.Well,that’sbecauseweseesongsassomethingthathastobeperformedaccuratelyeachtime.Ifyouchangeaword,theotherswillusuallybringyouinline.（Q11）They’llsay,‘that’snothowyousingit’,right?

So,youcanseehowlookingatpiecesofculturalinformationasreplicators,asmemes,andanalyzingthemintermsoflongevity,fecundityandfidelity,wecangainsomeinsightabouthowtheyspread,persistorchange.

Passage3

Lecture2-Astronomy（SPABasin）

Narrator

ListentopartofalectureinanAstronomyClass

Professor:

Lastweek,wecoveredsomeargumentsagainstgoingbacktotheMoon.ButtherearecompellingreasonsinfavorofanotherMoonlandingtoo,（Q12）um…nottheleastofwhichistryingtopinpointthemoon’sage.

Wecoulddothisintheorybystudyinganenormousimpactcrater,knownastheSouthPole-AitkenBasin.Um…it’slocatedinthemoon’sSouthPolarRegion.But,sinceit’sonthefarsideofthemoon,itcanonlybeseenfromspace.

Hereisanimageof…we’llcallittheSPABasin.Thiscolor-coatedimageoftheSPABasin,thosearen’titsactualcolorsobviously,thisimageisfromthemid90s,fromtheAmericanspacecraftcalledClementine.Um…unlikeearlierlunarmissions,Clementinedidn’torbitonlyaroundthemoon’sequator.（Q13）Itsorbitsenabledittosendbackdatatocreatethistopographicalmapof…well,thegreyandwhiteareatowardsthebottomistheSouthPole,（Q13）thepurplesandbluesinthemiddlecorrespondtolowelevations-theSPABasinitself,theorangesandredsarounditarehigherelevations.

Thebasinmeasuresanamazing2,500kmindiameter,anditsaveragedepthis12km.Thatmakesitthebiggestknowncraterinoursolarsystemanditmaywellbetheoldest.Youknowplanetaryresearcherslovestudyingdeepcraterstolearnabouttheimpactsthatcreatedthem,howtheyredistributedpiecesoftheplanet’