1、独立主格结构 独立主格结构独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词(副)词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子,也不是从句,所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化,它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导,常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式,但很多时候不能转化为分词形式,因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断,不能粗心大意。 一、独立主格结构的构成形式 独立主格结构的构成方式为:名词普通格或代词主格现在分词过去分词不定式名词形容词副词介词短语等。使用独立
2、主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。 1 名词或代词现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如: The man lay there, his hands trembling. 那个男子躺在那儿,双手在颤抖。 有时,现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如: The weather (being) fine,we decided to go swimming. 天气晴朗,我们决定去游泳。 2 名词或代词过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。如: The girl sat there silent,her head ben
3、t low. 这姑娘一声不响,低着头坐在那里。 All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. 各方面考虑起来,她的论文比你的论文更要有价值一些。 3 名词或代词不定式(短语) 不定式表示将来的动作。如: He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food. 他建议去野餐,由玛丽负责提供食物。 Time is pressing, two hours to go only. 时间紧迫,只剩两个小时了。 4 名词或代词名词(短语) 如: Many peop
4、le joined in the work, some of them women and children. 许多人参加了这项工作,其中一些人是妇女和儿童。 5 名词或代词形容词(短语) 形容词(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质或状态。如: The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. 地面很湿,我们只好在外面呆一会儿。 6 名词或代词副词 副词也多是说明前面名词或代词的状态。如: The meeting over, we all went home. 会议结束了,我们都回家了。 7 名词或代词介词短语 如: The teacher ca
5、me in, a book in his hand. 老师进来了,手里拿着一本书。 有时,独立主格结构中名词前面的定语可以省略。如: The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed. A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand. 二 独立主格结构的作用 1 作状语 1) 表示时间 如: Her homework done (=After her homework was done),Lucy decided to go shopping. 2) 表示原因 如: T
6、here being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home. 3) 表示条件 如: Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football. 4) 表示方式或伴随 如: He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 2 作同位语 如: There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) t
7、o the kitchen. 三 独立主格前面有时可以加上介词with或without,构成介词的复合结构。这种结构在句中主要用作状语,也可用作定语。如: He stood on the deck with his hand waving to us.(状语) 他站在甲板上向我们频频挥手。 He went out without a hat on his head.(状语) 他头上没戴帽子就出去了。 Do you know the girl with a bag on her back?(定语) 你认识那个后背上背包的女孩吗? with 引导的独立主格结构with独立主格结构是英语中一种重要的
8、句法现象,在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。多年来也一直是命题的热点、重点,因此应该引起我们的高度重视。众所周知,with引导的独立主格结构非常活跃,虽然它在句子中只作状语,但是可以表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。现将with引导的独立主格结构总结如下。 一、句法结构 【结构一】 with 名词(代词)介词短语 例 He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand 他手托下巴,坐在那儿沉思。 【结构二】 with 名词(代词)形容词 例 He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open
9、他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。 【结构三】with 名词(代词)副词 例 With production up by 60, the company has had another excellent year 产量上升了60, 公司又是一个好年景。 【结构四】 with 名词(代词)名词 例 She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion 她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书,她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。 【结构五】with 名词(代词)现在分词 例 She stood there chatting wit
10、h her friend, with her child playing beside her 她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊,孩子在旁边玩。 【结构六】with 名词(代词)过去分词 例“I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said “我认为我们可以高昂着头离开,”艾里克松说。 【结构七】with 名词(代词)不定式 例 With 10 minutes to go, youd better hurry 还有十分钟,你最好快一点。 二、句法功能 【作状语】 with独立主格结构主要用作状语,可以表示伴随、方式、原因、时间等。
11、例 With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有玛丽的帮助,他一定能成功。 【作定语】 主要是用作后置定语。 例 The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks. 这个女孩来到了两岸开满鲜花的河边。 三、句法关系 【主表关系】 主表关系这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的形容词、副词以及介词短语构成。 例 Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes. 妈妈眼含泪水看着我。 【主谓关系】这种关系主要是由wit
12、h独立主格结构中的名词和其后的现在分词构成。 例 With night coming on, we started for home. 夜幕降临,我们动身回家。 例 The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky. 小男孩躺在草地上,两眼望着天空。 【动宾关系】这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的过去分词及动词不定式构成的,前者表示“被动、完成”,后者表示“未做、待做”。 例 With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night. 有这么多工作
13、要做,我们不得不彻夜不眠。 四、句法省略 【省略特征】 with独立主格结构中的省略主要是指在“with + n + 介词短语”结构中的省略,其特点是省去with及介词短语中的名词修饰词,也就是:“n + 介词 + n”。 例 She ran to the hero, flowers in hand. 她手里拿着鲜花跑向这位英雄。Choose the best from the four choices1Ford tried dividing the labor,each worker_a separate taskAassigning Bassigned Cwas assigned Dwou
14、ld be assigned 2The lecture_,he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speakerAbegan Bbeginning Chaving begun Dbeing beginning 3Such_the case ,there are no grounds to justify your complaintsAbeing Bis Cwas Dto be 4Darkness_in,the young people lingered on merry
15、makingAset Bsetting Chas set Dwas set 5With all factors_,we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goalAbeing considered Bconsidering Cconsidered Dare considered 6A new technique ,the yields as a whole increased by 20 percentAto have been worked out Bhaving worked out Cworking
16、out Dhaving been worked out 7On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still,ears ,alert,listeningApointed Bpointing Care pointed Dare pointing 8Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ,but our work ,we declined the offerAnot being finished Bnot having finished Chad not been finished Dwas not finished 9There are various kinds of metals ,each its own propertiesAhas Bhad Cto have Dhaving 10The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports,each one major point in contrast with the otherAmakes Bmade Cis to make DmakingKey:15 BCABC 610 DAADD
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