中考语法三必考重难点全总结查缺补漏必备.docx

1、中考语法三必考重难点全总结查缺补漏必备2019 中考语法（三）：必考重难点全总结，查缺补漏必备！离中考越来越近了今天为各位老师准备了中考必考语法知识点快点转给学生背起来吧！语法专项复习现在完成时一、现在完成时的定义1.表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。例如：My brother has just bought a new car. ( “买”的动作发生在过去，对现在的影响是“我哥哥现在有车了。”)2.表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态。例如：She has worked as an English teacher since 2000.二、现在完成时的构成1.肯定：主语 +have/ha

2、s + 动词过去分词 + 其它2.否定：主语 +havent/hasnt + 动词过去分词 + 其它3.一般疑问句：Have/Has+ 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其它？4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 +have/has+ 主语 +动词过去分词 + 其它？例如：She has played the piano for two hours.She hasnt played the piano for two hours. Has she played the piano for two hours? Yes, she has./ No, she hasnt.How long has she play

3、ed the piano?三、现在完成时的标志词的具体用法1.already, just, ever, never, before, yet(1)already 意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。例如：He has already had breakfast.(2)just 意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。例如：My father has just finished his work.(3)ever 意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。例如：Have you ever visited the G

4、reat Wall?(4)yet 用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。例如： Have you watched the movie yet? No. I havent watched it yet.(5)never 意为“从来没有”，多放在助动词与过去分词之间，常与 before 连用。例如：I have never been to such a beautiful place before.(6)before 意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。例如：I havent been to Beijing before.2.since 和

5、for(1) since+ 过去时间点 / 过去时的从句。例如：Helen has lived in New York since 2015.My brother has learned about 500 Englishwords since he was five years old.(2) for+ 一段时间，其时间状语常用 how long 提问。例如： How long have you cleaned yourroom?rs. I have cleaned it for about two hou(3) since+ 一段时间 +ago=for+ 一段时间Jack has play

6、ed basketball for three ( since three years ago).四、瞬间动词与延续动词1.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，可以与表示时间段的状语连用；瞬间性不能延续的动作，动作一发生立即后通常不能跟时间段，若要跟时间段，将其转化为延续性动词。例如：The movie has already begun for ten (错误)The movie has already begun. (正确）The movie has already been on for ten (正确)在否定句中短暂性动词可与一段时间连用，例如：I havent bought anythin

7、g for one month.2.非延续性动词转化为延续性动词转化为相应的延续动词borrowkeep buyhave begin/stacome tobe in/at go outbe out be away openbe open arrive here diebe dead finishbe ovillbe ill marrybe married jomember of五、have/has been to, have/has gonhave/has been in 的区别1.have/has been to 表示“曾经去过某地已经不在那里了。可与 just, ever, never等连

8、用。例如：I have ever been to Sany2.have/has gone to 意为“到某地去了”该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。表示某人去了某有回来）。例如：Lilys father has gone to Chengducome back in three days.3.have/has been in 表示“在某地呆了间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用since, for, how long 等，表示某人在某了多久。例如：Mark has been in China since two yea六、用于现在完成时的句型1.It is the first/

9、second time+that 句型中部分用现在完成时。例如：It is the first time that he has visited C2.This is+ 形容词最高级 +that 句型中部分用现在完成时。例如：This is one of the most ugliest facehave ever seen.3.It is / It has been + 时间段 + since .It has been two years since we met la语法专项复习被动语态一、语态的分类语态是动词的一种形式，表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语

10、态。主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者（或执行者）。例如：Many people speak English nowadays. (speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的)被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：English is spoken by many people nowadays.(主语English是动词speak的承受者)二、各种时态的被动语态结构1.一般现在时：主语+amisare动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned every day.2.一般过去时：主语+waswere动词的过去分词The clothes were

11、washed two hours ago.3.一般将来时：主语+willshall be动词的过去分词The meeting will be held in three hours.4.现在进行时：主语+amisare being动词的过去分词.The piano is being repaired by one of my fathersfriends.5.过去进行时：主语+was / were being动词的过去分词The problem was being discussed when Icame in.6.现在完成时：主语+havehas been动词的过去分词The movie h

12、as been watched three times.7.含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+动词的过去分词Before the police arrive, no one could be allowed to leave.三、被动语态的用法1.不知道动作的执行者是谁或没有必要说出动作的执行者是谁。例如：The glass was broken just now.2.强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：Your homework must be finished on time.四、主动语态变被动语态的方法Step1:把主动语态句子的宾语变为被动语态句子的主语Step2:把主

13、动语态句子的谓语变为 be+ 动词过去分词的结构 (此处 be 有时态和单复数的变化)Step3:主语变为by+sb.结构, sb.用宾格(by sb.可省略)五、不用被动语态的情况1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态。例如：The sun rises from the east.2.表示开始、结束、运动的动词不用于被动语态。如begin, start, stop, end, shut, run, move等。例如：The TV program begins at 8 oclock.3.宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语时，不用于被动语态。例如：We should help each other.4

14、.一部分及物动词不用于被动语态。常见的有fit, have, wish, cost, leave, enter, reach, suit,lack, own等。例如：He owns a big house.5.一些短语动词不能用于被动语态，如break out, take place, come true, belong to, consist of,succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in 等。例如：The old woman is suffering from a seriousillness these days.6.不定式作定语与

15、所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时，不定式用主动形式。例如：I have something interesting to say.7.一部分形容词后接不定式做状语时，不定式用主动形式。常见的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, nice, kind等。例如：The problem is easy to solve.六、主动形式表示被动意义1.look, sound, feel, smell等感官动词和appear,seem, keep, stay, remain等表示状态的系动词后接名词、形容词、介词短语或to be+形容词/名词作表语时，这些动词的主动形式常表示被动意义。例如：T

16、he scarf feels soft.2.read, write, wash, sell, wear, lock等动词和well, easily, smoothly等连用时，主动形式表示被动意义。例如：The glass was broken just now.3.need, want, require, deserve等动词以物做主语时，后接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如：My bike needs/ wants/ requires repairing.七、被动形式表示主动意义短语be determined, be pleased, be graduated(from), be fini

17、shed, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等虽是被动形式，但表示主动含义。例如：He is prepared for an important test.语法专项复习状语从句在句中作状语的从句是状语从句，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导，从属连词在句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。状语从句放在句首时，要用逗号，放在句尾时不用。状语从句可以分为以下几类：一、时间状语从句可以用来引导时间状语从句的连词有when, as, till, until, before, after, as soon as,once,

18、 the moment, immediately, the day等。1.when, while, as(1)when 后既可加延续性动作也可加非延续性动作；while 后只能加延续性动作。While/When she was watching TV, her motherarrived home.(2)while 可以表示从句和主句的动作同时发生，而 when 不行。While boys were singing, girls were dancing.(3)as 后跟持续性动作，强调主从句的动作同时发生，指“一边一边”；也可说明两种正在发展或变化的情况，指“随着”。I listened t

19、o music as I walked.2.till, until, not.until(1)肯定句中，主句谓语动词必须是延续性动作，表示“直到为止”。例如：He worked until/till 11 p.m.(2)否定句中，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动作，表示“直到才”。例如：I didnt go home until I finished my homework.(3)放在句首强调时，一般用 until。例如：Until he comes, no one can help you.3.as soon as 表示“一就”，引导时间状语从句时态可遵循“主将从现”原则。例如：As soon

20、as he comes home, hell give you abig surprise.二、原因状语从句常用的引导原因状语从句的从属连词有 because, as, since, for 等。1.because 用来回答 why 提问的句子，语气最强，一般放在主句之后；2.since 表示既然或已知的理由以及稍加分析即可表明的原因，多放在句首；3.as 多用于口语，语气较弱，表示的理由是明显的或被认为是已知的，是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句，可放在句首或句尾；4.for 是并列连词，它引导的分句不表示直接的原因，而是用来附带解释或说明前面一句的情况。for 引导的分句常位于第一分句之后，它

21、们之间用逗号隔开。例如：He didnt go to school because he was ill.Since you are here, you can do it by yourself.We all like him as he is kind.There must be no one in the room, for the door is closed.三、条件状语从句常见的用来引导条件状语从句的连词有if, unless 等。在条件状语从句中时态遵循“主将从现、主情从现、主祈从现”的原则。例如：If my parents are free tomorrow, they wil

22、l takeme to the zoo.You wont pass the test unless you practice hard.If he arrives, please let me know.四、让步状语从句although/though, even though/if 都可以引导让步状语从句。although 与 though 两者意思相同，一般可以互换，都可以与 yet, still 连用，但不能和 but 连用。Though he is old, he is active.五、目的状语从句常见的引导目的状语从句的连词有in order that 和 so that。意思都是“

23、以便；为了”；而且从句中需用情态动词。例如：The old man gets up early every day so that he can take a walk in the park.六、结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的从属连词有 so.that.和 such.that.。注意两者的区别：名前 such，形、副 so，that 从句跟在后；多多少少必用 so，特别注意是 little； “小”用 such， “少”用 so。例如：She is such a lovely girl that everybody likes her.七、比较状语从句由连词 as.as, not so(as

24、).as 引导，表示“和(不)一样”。例如：Her room isnt so clean as mine.八、地点状语从句地点状语从句可用 where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere 等引导。地点状语从句可用于主句之前或之后。例如：You are free to go wherever you like.九、方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if, as though 等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。as引导方式状语从句，意为“按照，正如”。例如：He behaved as if he were a real Chinese.语法专项复习宾语

25、从句一、宾语从句的概念在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。例如：He wanted to know what you said just now.He is interested in what you said just now.1.由 that 引导that 在宾语从句无实际意义，只起连接作用，一般可以省略。(1)作动词的宾语从句He said (that) he would go to the movies tomorrow.(2)在一些 be+ 形容词的结构中也可用 that 引导宾语从句，如 sure, sorry, afraid 等。I a

26、m sure (that) he has made a mistake.如果有多个 that 引导的宾语从句，第一个that 可以省略，其余一般不省略。例如：The doctor told me (that) I should take more exercise and that I would get better soon.在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。例如：I dont think he is wrong.2.由 whether/if 引导常放在

27、know, ask, wonder 等动词后。两者在宾语从句中不作句子任何成分，但有实际含义，表示“是否”，不可省略。两者通常可以互换。He asked me whether/if I had finished my homework.以下情况 whether 和 if 不可以互换：从句作介词的宾语时只能用 whether，不用 ifWere talking about whether Jack will win thegame.引导词与动词不定式或 or not 连用时，只能用 whetherDo you know whether your father will come back for

28、 dinner or not?I dont know whether to wait for another hour.whether 引导的宾语从句可放在句首，但 if 不可以Whether he will come, I dont care.if 作“如果”讲时，引导的是条件状语从句，不能用 whether3.由特殊疑问词引导特殊疑问词在引导宾语从句时分为连接代词who, whom, what, which和连接副词when,where, why, how等。它们在句中既起连接作用，又在句中充当句子的成分，并且不可以省略。He asked me who the man was.I want

29、 to know why he was late again.由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句可以转换成“特殊疑问词 + 不定式”的结构。例如：I cant decide which university I can choose.I cant decide which university to choose.三、宾语从句的时态宾语从句中从句谓语动词的时态常受到主句谓语动词的时态的影响。因此，要注意保持主从句时态一致。1.当主句是现在的某种时态(一般现在时、现在进行时等)时，从句可根据需要选择任何时态。I dont think (that) you are right.Please tell me

30、 where well go fishing tomorrow.2.当主句是过去的某种时态时，从句时态根据句意使用和过去相关的时态。I wanted to know where he was going.She said she had finished her work.如果从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言等时，即使主句是一般过去时，从句仍用现在的时态。例如：Our teacher told us that it is better to do than to say.四、宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序必须是陈述句语序。He wondered when will the meeting begin. (错误)He wondered when the meeting will begin. (正确)当从句的原句是“Whats wrong?/Whats the matter?/Whats happening?”等时，语序不变。Do you know whats the matter with him?语法专项复习 定语从句一、定语从句的概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。连接主句和从句的