国际建筑合同的文化思考.docx

1、国际建筑合同的文化思考Cultural Considerations in International Construction Contracts国际建筑合同的文化思考Edwin H. W. Chan1 and Raymond Y. C. Tse2埃德温W扩散和雷蒙德Y.C. tse2Abstract: International construction projects involve multinational participants from different political, legal, economic, and cultural backgrounds. As one

2、 of the major issues affecting the management of international construction projects, culture deserves wide research.This paper aims to establish a valid groundwork for further research on the impact of cultural issues on contractual arrangements; conictcausation, and the selection of dispute resolu

3、tion mechanisms for international construction projects. The paper reviews the characteristics of international construction activities and discusses the cultural context. It sets the research background for disseminating the ndings of two surveys, carried out in Hong Kong and in London and Sydney.

4、The study identies the important features expected for the contract of international construction projects and ascertains their signicance to further in-depth research.摘要：国际工程项目涉及不同的政治，法律，经济和跨国的参与者，文化背景。作为一个影响国际工程项目管理的主要问题，值得广泛的文化研究。本文的目的是在文化问题上的契约安排的影响的进一步研究奠定基础和有效因果关系，并对国际工程项目的争端解决机制的选择。本文综述的特点国际建

5、筑活动，探讨文化语境。它传播的结果集的研究背景两个调查，在香港、伦敦和悉尼进行了。研究发现的重要特征，预计合同国际工程项目并确定其意义合同研究的进一步深入。DOI: 10.1061/( ASCE) 0733-9364 (2003) 129:4 (375)CE Database subject headings: Contracts; Dispute resolution; Hong Kong; International factors; Construction industry.该数据库的主题标题：合同；纠纷解决；香港；国际因素；建筑业Introduction引言Within the ge

6、neral trend of globalization, worldwide economic cooperation and technology transfer are common practice. Inter-national construction projects are just one of the activities that involve multinational participants from different political, legal,economic, and cultural backgrounds. According to Latha

7、m 1994 , project procurement and construction disputes are two of the major concerns in the construction industry. Conict and disputes are causing major damage to the industry.在经济全球化的大趋势下，世界经济合作和技术转移是常见的做法。国际建设项目只是其中的一个活动它涉及不同政治法律，经济，文化背景的跨国参与者，根据Latham1994观点，项目采购和施工纠纷是两个在建筑行业关注的主要问题。冲突和罢工都将引起业内的重大损

8、害。The work of researchers such as Turin 1972 , Aniekwu and Okpala 1988 , and Ofori 1984, 1991 show that similar problems are noted worldwide and that the less-developed or developing countries are the worst hit by the problems. Research has been conducted to prevent and resolve construction disputes

9、 in specic countries Vorster 1993; Diekmann and Girard 1995; Cheung 1998; Kumaraswamy and Yogeswaran 1998 . More generally, Simon 1987 argues that to understand real decision making, utility maximization is neither a necessary nor a sufcient condition for the conclusion reached. The action comes fro

10、m empirical assumptions, including assumptions about how people view their world.这项工作的研究者如Turin1972，aniekwu和Okpala1988，和Ofori1984 .1991都表明，类似的问题被指出在世界范围内，并指出在欠发达和发展中国家的问题是最严重的。已经有研究进行预防和解决施工争议在特殊的国家，如沃斯特1993迪克曼和吉拉德1995；1998约盖斯瓦兰库马拉斯瓦米和1998香港。更主要的是，西蒙1987认为了解真正的决策判断的效用最大化，既不是必要的也不是充分的为达成结论的条件。行动来自于经验

11、假设，包括假设人们如何查看他们的世界。Although concerns about cultural issues seem to be discussed widely in construction, their formal analysis is infrequent. Research is necessary to minimize the problems in the global context. This paper disseminates the research ndings of two sets of questionnaires carried out by

12、the rst writer as part of an ongoing research study, one conducted in Hong Kong during 1998, and the other in London and Sydney during 1999.虽然关于文化问题的关注似乎被广泛的讨论应用于建筑，其正式的分析是罕见。这样的研究以减少全球背景下的问题是必要的。本文发布研究结论对于两组问卷调查的。由第一作家作为正在进行的部分研究性学习进行的，一个在香港进行在1998，和另一个在伦敦和悉尼在1999。The aim of this paper is to establ

13、ish a valid foundation for further research on the impact of cultural issues on contractual arrangements, conict causation, and selection of dispute resolution mechanisms for international construction projects. Following this introduction, the second section reviews the characteristics of internati

14、onal construction activities and discusses the cultural contextual factors that contribute to conict and difculties in the management of the international construction projects.The third section introduces the research methodology and data collection of the two surveys, the fourth section explains t

15、he data analysis, and the fth presents the key observations of the research results and makes recommendations for further study in this area. The paper ends with a general conclusion.本文的目的是建立一个有效的基础为了在文化合作安排问题上的影响的进一步研究，控制因果关系，以及 国际工程项目机制纠纷解决的选择。遵循这个介绍，第二部分回顾国际建筑活动的特征和讨论有助于控制文化语境的因素，和在国际工程项目管理的不同。第三

16、部分介绍了本文的研究方法和这两个调查收集的数据，第四部分解释了数据分析，并提出了第五部分关键的观察在搜索结果中并对进一步研究 这个地区的建议。本文的最后是一个一般性的结论。1、Associate Professor, Dept. of Building and Real Estate, The HongKong Polytechnic Univ., Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR.E-mail: bsedchanpolyu.edu.hk1、副教授，建筑及房地产系，香港香港理工大学，红磡，九龙，香港特区。电子邮件：bsedchanpolyu.edu.hk2、Pr

17、ofessor, International City University of America, Asian House, 1 Hennessy Rd., Hong Kong SAR. E-mail: rtseicua.us2、教授，国际大学城的美国，亚洲的房子，1轩尼诗道，香港。电子邮件：rtseicua.usNote. Discussion open until January 1, 2004. Separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers. To extend the closing date by one

18、month, a written request must be led with the ASCE Managing Editor. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on February 6, 2001; approved on July 1, 2002. This paper is part of the Journal of Construction Engineering and Manage-ment, Vol. 129, No. 4, August 1,

19、 2003. ASCE, ISSN 0733-9364/2003/4-375381/$18.00.注意讨论开放直到一月1号，2004年。独立的讨论必须提交个人文件。延长截止日期一个月，书面请求必须提交与中国土木工程学会执行主编。这个课题的底稿提交被评论，并且可能在6日出版，2001；被批准在7月1号，2002年。这文件是杂志建筑工程与管理的一部分。第129号4，8月1，2003年ASCE，ISSN0733-9364/2003年4-6375381/美元18.00International Construction ActivitiesCharacteristics and Problems 国际

20、建筑活动的特点和存在的问题International construction projects are those in which the contractor, the lead consultant, or the employer is not of the same domicile,and at least one of them is working outside his or her country of origin （Stebblings 1998）. The construction industry is complex and multidimensional,

21、and to improve this situation, the major construction projects in developing countries are often carried out in joint ventures with construction companies from developed countries. International collaboration can be of particular benet to less-developed and developing areas. Transglobal economic dev

22、elopments offer an opportunity to develop products using the most up-to-date expertise and knowledge in a cost-effective manner （Clark and Ip 1999）. International projects are normally fast paced but require a longer time span, and more parties are involved. Collaboration between the concerned parti

23、es requires clear project denition, and each set of objectives under the denition may be subject to changes as the project evolves.国际建筑项目是指那些承包商，首席顾问，或雇主不在相同的住所，他们中至少一人在他或她的国家起源的工作（stebblings 1998）。建筑业是复杂的多维体，并为了改善这一状况，主要在发展中国家的建设项目往往是进行来自发达国家的建筑合资企业。国际合作特别有益于欠发达和发展中地区。环球经济的发展提供了一个机会，去开发的产品使用在一个具有成本

24、效益的方式下，用最新的技术和知识（克拉克和IP 1999）。国际项目通常快节奏，但需要较长的时间跨度，和涉及多人。有关各方之间的合作需要清晰的项目定义，并且在定义下每一组的目标都可能会随着项目的发展变化。Parties to international projects are also concerned with the clarity of local laws and the interpretation of those contracts governed by local laws. Transglobal collaboration calls for greater cult

25、ural understanding and sensitivity in terms of personnel management by the concerned parties. Human problems are involved,such as language, communication, and the understanding of cultural differences. It is generally acknowledged that the contextual environment of a country or region also inuences

26、the construction industry of each jurisdiction. Based on previous work by other researchers, Sheath, Jaggar, and Hibberd （1994） compiled a set of environmental inuences associated with construction and a list of variables under each of the inuence factors. The variables have been used to study the i

27、mpact of these contextual factors on the choice of a project procurement system. Such a contextual research approach can be adopted and elaborated for studying the effect of culture on disputes in international construction projects.国际项目各方关注的是地方法规的透明度和 这些合同遵守当地法律的解释 。环球国际合作的呼吁更大的文化理解和灵敏度在人事管理方面通过当事人

28、。人类所涉及的问题也被包括，如语言，通信，和文化差异的理解。众所周知，一个国家或地区的周边环境也在影响每个司法管辖区的建筑业。基于前人的相关研究，Sheath，Jagga，和Hibberd（1994）编制的一套在环境影响下的建筑关联文件和一系列在相关环境下影响因素的变量列表。变量被用来研究这些因素对项目采购制度选择的影响。这样的情境研究的方法可以采用，并阐述了研究文化对国际建设工程纠纷的影响。Cultural Context文化语境The term culture has wide connotations in anthropology and ethnography. Its meanin

29、g is not clearly defined, and even anthropologists do not agree on one clear and precise definition. Definitions differ greatly and are dependent on the theoretical perspectives of those who offer them. In the management literature, Hofstede (1984)defines culture as the collective programming of the

30、 mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from others. Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values and values are the building blocks of culture. In the context of construction management education regarding culture, loose more (1999)states that it is now accepted that a cultur

31、e of a society is its shared values, understandings, assumptions and goals learned from earlier generations. It results in common attitudes, codes of conduct and expectations that guide behavior. 术语文化在人类学和人种学有广泛的内涵。其含义是不明确的，甚至是人类学家不在一个明确和准确的定义达成一致。定义有很大的不同，依赖于那些为他们提供的理论视角。在管理文献中，霍夫斯泰德1984年将文化定义为“区别不

32、同的人类群体的其他成员心灵的集体编程s文化，在这个意义上，包括价值体系和是文化的基石的价值观。”在1999年工程管理教育更宽松的文化语境下指出：“从更早的一代学会的价值观，理解，假设和目标是我们现在所接受的一种社会文化。它导致的结果是用共同的态度，行为规范和期望来指导行为。”Tso (1999),an anthropologist and designer, suggested some parameters that could help to delineate the playing fields for the concept of culture, but warned that the definition will shift within the boundaries of the parameters. She suggested that one will find the essence of the term culture within the following fields: culture describes the social system created by a group of people; it starts from the mo