独立主格结构.docx

1、独立主格结构1+1教育 英语 老师个性化教案教师蒋杭学生姓名上课日期学科英语年级教材版本人教版类型知识讲解： 考题讲解:学生课时统计第（ ）课时共（ ）课时学案主题独立主格结构归纳班主任授课时段教学目标教学内容独立主格结构归纳1. 知识与技能2. 过程与方法3. 情感态度与价值观教学重点、难点教学过程学生活动教师活动 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构；独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容

2、词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。归纳I：功能：独立主格结构在句中做状语，主要用于描绘性文字中，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。例如：表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。表示条件The condition being

3、 favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all meta

4、ls are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)用法：独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一

5、次海滨小游。用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两

6、手交叉枕在脑后。表示补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。形式：1.一般独立主格形式:与主句逻辑关系松散形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词. ;名词/主格代词+现在分词名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。如： The girl stari

7、ng at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。名词/主格代词+过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. Her glasses broken (= Be

8、cause her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 名词/主格代词+不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 名词/主格代词+形容词如：A

9、n air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。名词/主格代词+副词如： He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。名词/主格代词+介词短语如： The boy goes to the classroom, b

10、ook in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 2.with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密 形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +abj.; with +n. + 介词短语 3.each引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复数名词 形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾 , each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the

11、huge organization that operates the companys basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.4.其他形式There being +名词（代词）如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。It being

12、 +名词（代词）如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。特点1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was fini

13、shed, we began our holiday. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tried to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library

14、, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。 如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 I wont be able to go on holiday

15、 with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。注意事项1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over

16、(=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因

17、为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名

18、词复合结构。)归纳II：一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at

19、 the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式havi

20、ng been lost） = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. A 不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 1动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his

21、 mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.） will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially cant afford any time. 对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。 （Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really cant afford any time.） The four of us

22、agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 （The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.） Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，

23、我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.) B-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.） Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine. 在课桌旁坐

24、好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.） 1 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready) The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after ev

25、eryone was seated） 2 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way） Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him） 必背： 含有being的独立主格

26、结构。 It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。 = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded. There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。 = As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home. 3 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格

27、结构” Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits) My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows） 4 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in f

28、ront of his chest. 学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest） The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky） C-ed形式“独立主格结构” 与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。 The book

29、 written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. 该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。 = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。 = As their living conditi

30、ons were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 = He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard. The task completed,he had two months leave.任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When

31、the task had been completed,he had two months leave.） 比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭