基础工程 部分概念 英文版.docx

1、基础工程 部分概念 英文版第一章 导论一名词解释Definition Explanation（3 points each, 12 in total）1. 地基Ground: 将承受各种作用的地层称为地基。the strata which bears all kinds of loadings of the building is called ground2. 基础Foundation: 将建筑物的各种作用传递至地基的结构物称为基础。the part of the building which is in contact with ground is called foundation3.Na

2、tural ground(天然地基): 未经人工处理就可以满足设计要求的地基称为天然基础ground which can meet design requirements without manual processing.4. Artificial ground（人工地基）: 如果天然地层土质过于软弱或存在不良工程地质问题，需要经过人工加固或处理后才能修筑基础，这种地基称为人工地基ground which has been strengthened or treated artificially.5.永久作用Permanent Action：可看成是不随时间变化的荷载。can also be

3、 called as dead load, it is the action that its location, size and direction dont change over time , or the changing values can be ignored compared with the average values in the design period.6.可变作用Variable Action ：随时间而变化的荷载can also be called as live load, it is the action that its location, size a

4、nd direction change over time , or the changing values can not be ignored compared with the average values in the design period.7.地基容许承载力：the allowable bearing capacity of groundIn design, the base pressure can not exceed ultimate bearing capacity of subsoil and have adequate safety; the deformation

5、 of the ground can not exceed the allowable deformation of the building. If the ground meet the two requirements, the maximum pressure that unit area of ground bears is the allowable bearing capacity of ground.基底压力不能超过地基极限承载力，而且要有足够的安全度；同时所引起的地基变形不能超过建筑物容许变形值，满足以上要求，地基单位面积上所能承受的最大压力就称为地基容许承载力8.基底压力：

6、（base pressure）Loadings of building are transferred to ground through foundation, to rigid spread foundation , the pressure that act on unit area of foundation base is called foundation (base) pressure. 建筑物荷载通过基础传递到地基上，对于刚性扩大基础而言，作用在基础底面单位面积上的压力称为基地压力二简答题1. 基础工程设计计算的基本原则有哪些？What are basic principles

7、 of foundation engineering in calculation and design?1) The pressure of the foundation bottom is less than the allowable value of bearing capacity. 基础底面的压力小于地基承载力容许值2) Deformations of ground and foundation are less than allowable settlement value of the building. 地基及基础的变形值小于建筑物要求的沉降值3) The overall s

8、tability of ground and foundation is ensured sufficiently. 地基及基础的整体稳定性有足够保证4) Strength and durability of foundation meet requirements. 基础本身的强度、耐久性满足要求第二章 天然地基上的浅基础一名词解释1刚性基础(rigid foundation ) Ground reaction of foundation bottom is when external forces act on the foundation. Here left of cross-sect

9、ion a-a that is overhang part of foundation is equivalent to a cantilever beam that bears uniformly distributed load p. Cross-section a-a will produce bending tensile stress and shearing stress. If the cross-section of masonry has enough area, the allowable value of material stress is more than bend

10、ing tensile stress and shearing stress due to ground reaction, the cross-section a-a will not produce cracks. At this time, foundation need not stressed bars, this foundation is called rigid foundation.2.柔性基础(flexible foundation )Ground reaction act on the foundation, if the bending tensile stress a

11、nd shearing stress of the cross-section a-a exceed the strength limit value, in order to prevent the foundation from cracking at the cross-section a-a, the sizes of rigid foundation can be redesigned, and enough steel bars are used in foundation, this kind of foundation is called flexible foundation

12、3. 刚性扩大基础(rigid spread foundation ) Because strength of ground is generally lower than strength of abutment, pier or wall, plane sizes should be expanded to meet requirements of ground strength, this kind of rigid foundation is rigid spread foundation4.刚性角（rigid angle.）The total overhang length incl

13、udes offset and width of steps, reactions of foundation bottom act on the overhang part, the bending tensile stress and shearing stress of cross-section a-a due to it are not more than the strength limit value of foundation masonry. When above requirements are satisfied, the maximum angle max betwee

14、n perpendicular from edge of pier or abutment shaft and connection between edge of pier or abutment and edge of foundation bottom is rigid angle.5.板桩墙支护：（Support of Sheet Pile Wall）sheet pile is hammered perpendicularly into soil to a certain depth before excavation, then the foundation pit is cut a

15、nd braces are set, the whole process of cutting foundation pit is always done under supporting of sheet piles.二简答题1. 浅基础与深基础有哪些区别？What are differences between shallow foundation and deep foundation? 2. 简述刚性基础的优缺点？What are advantages and disadvantages of rigid foundation?Advantages：good stability、con

16、struction is simple、can bear large loads，as long as ground strength can meet requirements，it is the first consideration of bridges and culverts.Shortcomings：weight of structure itself is large. When bearing strata is soft soil, the area of spread foundation is limited, ground can be used after stren

17、gthening or treating.3. 确定基础埋置深度需要考虑哪些因素？What factors should be considered to determine the embedded depth of foundation?1)geological condition of ground 2)depth of scour 3) frozen depth 4)superstructure type 5)terrain condition 4、刚性扩大基础在设计计算时，有哪些计算和验算项目？What are calculation and checking contents in

18、 calculation and design of rigid spread foundation?1)Determine the embedded depth of foundation2)Determine sizes of rigid spread foundation3)Check bearing capacity4)Check resultant eccentricity of foundation bottom5)Check stability of foundation and ground6)Check sedimentation of foundation5、浅基础的常用类

19、型是什么？What are common types of shallow foundation?According to mechanical properties Rigid spread foundation Flexible spread foundationAccording to structure Individual foundation combined foundation Strip foundationAccording to material brick foundation Rubble foundation concrete or rubble concrete

20、foundation reinforced concrete foundation Lime-soil and tabia foundation6、喷射混凝土护壁的基本原理是什么？What are basic principle of Wall Protection by Spray Concrete?high-pressure is power, sand, stone, concrete and rapid setting admixture that are stirred uniformly are sent to spray gun through conveying pipe by

21、 jet, high-pressure water is mix into it at the moment through the spray gun, then the admixture is sprayed from nozzle to pit wall, wall protection of circular concrete is formed to bear earth pressure.7、 基坑排水的常用方法？What are common methods of Foundation Pit Drainage?1) surface drainage method 2) wel

22、l-point method8、 板桩墙的作用是什么？What are function of Sheet Pile Wall?blocking soil around the foundation pit, preventing soil from sliding down and preventing water from penetrating around the pit or flowing from bottom of pit.9、 确定地基容许承载力的方法？What are methods to determine the allowable bearing capacity o

23、f ground?1Refer to the allowable bearing capacity of adjacent buildings under the same soil condition;2According to p-s curve of field loading test 3Calculate it according to theoretical formula of bearing capacity 4Calculate it according to empirical formula provided by the existing codes 三 计算题第三章

24、桩基础的基本知识及施工1.钻孔灌注桩：Bored cast-in-situ pile Bored cast-in-situ pile is constructed by augering into the earth with removing soil, then the hole is formed, the reinforcement skeleton is put into the hole and concrete is poured into the hole, so the pile is formed.2.摩擦桩Friction pile： The pile passes th

25、rough and bear on all kinds of compression soils, the carrying capacity of pile is mainly skin friction of pile under vertical loadings, this kind of pile is friction pile.3.端承桩End bearing pile：Pile passes through soft soil layers and bears on hard soil layers (sand, gravel, pebble, hard clay and so

26、 on) or rock layer, the ratio of the length and the diameter is not large, the carrying capacity of pile is mainly resistance of pile bottom under vertical loadings. This kind of pile is end bearing pile.4. 正循环旋转钻进成孔Positive cycle in drilling process: slurry is pressed into halter by slurry pump whi

27、le drilling. The slurry sprays into drilling hole from bit through the center of drilling pole. The slurry carries drill residue , rise along the drill hole, and discharge into sendimentation tank from the hole on the top of casing pipe, drill residue precipitates here and slurry go into pool and is

28、 recycled.5. 反循环旋转钻进成孔inverse cycle in drilling processSlurry flows into hole from annular gap between the drill pole and hole wall to cool bit and carry drill residue back ground from cavity of drill pole. 二简答题1. 简述桩基础的作用。What are functions of pile foundation?pass through soft compressive soil or w

29、ater, the bottom pile foundation can be act on dense bearing strata.2. 简述桩基础的特点？What are characteristics of pile foundation?high carrying capacity, good stability, small and even sedimentation, small consumption of material, convenient construction. It can avoid or decrease underwater engineering, c

30、onstruction equipment and technical requirement are simplified, construction speed is accelerated and working condition is improved.3简述桩基础的适用范围？What are applications of pile foundation?（1）when loadings are large, upper soil layers are soft, the location of suitable layer is deep, it is unreasonalbe

31、on technique and economy if shallow foundation or artificial ground is used; （2）Erosion of riverbed is large, river is unstable or it is difficult to calculate erosion depth correctly, layers under foundation or structures perhaps are eroded or scoured, it is unsafe if shallow foundation is used. （3

32、）When the calculated sedimentation is too large or the building is sensitive to differential settlement of building, pile foundation can pass through soft layer (high-compression) and transfer loadings to solid layers, it can decrease sedimentation of building and make sedimentation evenly. （4）When building bear large horizontal loading, the displacement and tilt need to be reduced; （5）When construction water lever or ground water level are high, if other deep foundation