基础工程 部分概念 英文版.docx

基础工程 部分概念 英文版.docx

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基础工程部分概念英文版

第一章导论

一名词解释DefinitionExplanation（3pointseach,12intotal）

1.地基Ground:

将承受各种作用的地层称为地基。

thestratawhichbearsallkindsofloadingsofthebuildingiscalledground

2.基础Foundation:

将建筑物的各种作用传递至地基的结构物称为基础。

thepartofthebuildingwhichisincontactwithgroundiscalledfoundation

3.Naturalground（天然地基）:

未经人工处理就可以满足设计要求的地基称为天然基础

groundwhichcanmeetdesignrequirementswithoutmanualprocessing.

4.Artificialground（人工地基）:

如果天然地层土质过于软弱或存在不良工程地质问题，需要经过人工加固或处理后才能修筑基础，这种地基称为人工地基

groundwhichhasbeenstrengthenedortreatedartificially.

5.永久作用PermanentAction：

可看成是不随时间变化的荷载。

canalsobecalledasdeadload,itistheactionthatitslocation,sizeanddirectiondon'tchangeovertime,orthechangingvaluescanbeignoredcomparedwiththeaveragevaluesinthedesignperiod.

6.可变作用VariableAction：

随时间而变化的荷载

canalsobecalledasliveload,itistheactionthatitslocation,sizeanddirectionchangeovertime,orthechangingvaluescannotbeignoredcomparedwiththeaveragevaluesinthedesignperiod.

7.地基容许承载力：

theallowablebearingcapacityofground

Indesign,thebasepressurecannotexceedultimatebearingcapacityofsubsoilandhaveadequatesafety;thedeformationofthegroundcannotexceedtheallowabledeformationofthebuilding.Ifthegroundmeetthetworequirements,themaximumpressurethatunitareaofgroundbearsistheallowablebearingcapacityofground.

基底压力不能超过地基极限承载力，而且要有足够的安全度；同时所引起的地基变形不能超过建筑物容许变形值，满足以上要求，地基单位面积上所能承受的最大压力就称为地基容许承载力

8.基底压力：

（basepressure）

Loadingsofbuildingaretransferredtogroundthroughfoundation,torigidspreadfoundation,thepressurethatactonunitareaoffoundationbaseiscalledfoundation（base）pressure.建筑物荷载通过基础传递到地基上，对于刚性扩大基础而言，作用在基础底面单位面积上的压力称为基地压力

二简答题

1.基础工程设计计算的基本原则有哪些？

Whatarebasicprinciplesoffoundationengineeringincalculationanddesign?

1）Thepressureofthefoundationbottomislessthantheallowablevalueofbearingcapacity.基础底面的压力小于地基承载力容许值

2）Deformationsofgroundandfoundationarelessthanallowablesettlementvalueofthebuilding.地基及基础的变形值小于建筑物要求的沉降值

3）Theoverallstabilityofgroundandfoundationisensuredsufficiently.地基及基础的整体稳定性有足够保证

4）Strengthanddurabilityoffoundationmeetrequirements.基础本身的强度、耐久性满足要求

第二章天然地基上的浅基础

一名词解释

1．刚性基础（rigidfoundation）

Groundreactionoffoundationbottomisσwhenexternalforcesactonthefoundation.Hereleftofcross-sectiona-athatisoverhangpartoffoundationisequivalenttoacantileverbeamthatbearsuniformlydistributedloadp.Cross-sectiona-awillproducebendingtensilestressandshearingstress.Ifthecross-sectionofmasonryhasenougharea,theallowablevalueofmaterialstressismorethanbendingtensilestressandshearingstressduetogroundreaction,thecross-sectiona-awillnotproducecracks.Atthistime,foundationneednotstressedbars,thisfoundationiscalledrigidfoundation.

2.柔性基础（flexiblefoundation）

Groundreactionactonthefoundation,ifthebendingtensilestressandshearingstressofthecross-sectiona-aexceedthestrengthlimitvalue,inordertopreventthefoundationfromcrackingatthecross-sectiona-a,thesizesofrigidfoundationcanberedesigned,andenoughsteelbarsareusedinfoundation,thiskindoffoundationiscalledflexiblefoundation

3.刚性扩大基础（rigidspreadfoundation）

Becausestrengthofgroundisgenerallylowerthanstrengthofabutment,pierorwall,planesizesshouldbeexpandedtomeetrequirementsofgroundstrength,thiskindofrigidfoundationisrigidspreadfoundation

4.刚性角（rigidangle.）

Thetotaloverhanglengthincludesoffsetandwidthofsteps,reactionsoffoundationbottomactontheoverhangpart,thebendingtensilestressandshearingstressofcross-sectiona-aduetoitarenotmorethanthestrengthlimitvalueoffoundationmasonry.Whenaboverequirementsaresatisfied,themaximumanglemaxbetweenperpendicularfromedgeofpierorabutmentshaftandconnectionbetweenedgeofpierorabutmentandedgeoffoundationbottomisrigidangle.

5.板桩墙支护：

（SupportofSheetPileWall）

sheetpileishammeredperpendicularlyintosoiltoacertaindepthbeforeexcavation,thenthefoundationpitiscutandbracesareset,thewholeprocessofcuttingfoundationpitisalwaysdoneundersupportingofsheetpiles.

二简答题

1.浅基础与深基础有哪些区别？

Whataredifferencesbetweenshallowfoundationanddeepfoundation?

2.简述刚性基础的优缺点？

Whatareadvantagesanddisadvantagesofrigidfoundation?

Advantages：

goodstability、constructionissimple、canbearlargeloads，aslongasgroundstrengthcanmeetrequirements，itisthefirstconsiderationofbridgesandculverts.

Shortcomings：

weightofstructureitselfislarge.Whenbearingstrataissoftsoil,theareaofspreadfoundationislimited,groundcanbeusedafterstrengtheningortreating.

3.确定基础埋置深度需要考虑哪些因素？

Whatfactorsshouldbeconsideredtodeterminetheembeddeddepthoffoundation?

1）geologicalconditionofground2）depthofscour3）frozendepth

4）superstructuretype5）terraincondition

4、刚性扩大基础在设计计算时，有哪些计算和验算项目？

Whatarecalculationandcheckingcontentsincalculationanddesignofrigidspreadfoundation?

1）Determinetheembeddeddepthoffoundation

2）Determinesizesofrigidspreadfoundation

3）Checkbearingcapacity

4）Checkresultanteccentricityoffoundationbottom

5）Checkstabilityoffoundationandground

6）Checksedimentationoffoundation

5、浅基础的常用类型是什么？

Whatarecommontypesofshallowfoundation?

Accordingtomechanicalproperties

•Rigidspreadfoundation

•Flexiblespreadfoundation

Accordingtostructure

•Individualfoundation

•combinedfoundation

•Stripfoundation

Accordingtomaterial

•brickfoundation

•Rubblefoundation

•concreteorrubbleconcretefoundation

•reinforcedconcretefoundation

•Lime-soilandtabiafoundation

6、喷射混凝土护壁的基本原理是什么？

WhatarebasicprincipleofWallProtectionbySprayConcrete?

high-pressureispower,sand,stone,concreteandrapidsettingadmixturethatarestirreduniformlyaresenttospraygunthroughconveyingpipebyjet,high-pressurewaterismixintoitatthemomentthroughthespraygun,thentheadmixtureissprayedfromnozzletopitwall,wallprotectionofcircularconcreteisformedtobearearthpressure.

7、基坑排水的常用方法？

WhatarecommonmethodsofFoundationPitDrainage?

1）surfacedrainagemethod2）well-pointmethod

8、板桩墙的作用是什么？

WhatarefunctionofSheetPileWall?

blockingsoilaroundthefoundationpit,preventingsoilfromslidingdownandpreventingwaterfrompenetratingaroundthepitorflowingfrombottomofpit.

9、确定地基容许承载力的方法？

Whataremethodstodeterminetheallowablebearingcapacityofground?

1．Refertotheallowablebearingcapacityofadjacentbuildingsunderthesamesoilcondition;

2．Accordingtop-scurveoffieldloadingtest

3．Calculateitaccordingtotheoreticalformulaofbearingcapacity

4．Calculateitaccordingtoempiricalformulaprovidedbytheexistingcodes

三计算题

第三章桩基础的基本知识及施工

1.钻孔灌注桩：

Boredcast-in-situpile

Boredcast-in-situpileisconstructedbyaugeringintotheearthwithremovingsoil,thentheholeisformed,thereinforcementskeletonisputintotheholeandconcreteispouredintothehole,sothepileisformed.

2.摩擦桩Frictionpile：

Thepilepassesthroughandbearonallkindsofcompressionsoils,thecarryingcapacityofpileismainlyskinfrictionofpileunderverticalloadings,thiskindofpileisfrictionpile.

3.端承桩Endbearingpile：

Pilepassesthroughsoftsoillayersandbearsonhardsoillayers（sand,gravel,pebble,hardclayandsoon）orrocklayer,theratioofthelengthandthediameterisnotlarge,thecarryingcapacityofpileismainlyresistanceofpilebottomunderverticalloadings.Thiskindofpileisendbearingpile.

4.正循环旋转钻进成孔Positivecycleindrillingprocess:

slurryispressedintohalterbyslurrypumpwhiledrilling.Theslurryspraysintodrillingholefrombitthroughthecenterofdrillingpole.Theslurrycarriesdrillresidue,risealongthedrillhole,anddischargeintosendimentationtankfromtheholeonthetopofcasingpipe,drillresidueprecipitateshereandslurrygointopoolandisrecycled.

5.反循环旋转钻进成孔inversecycleindrillingprocess

Slurryflowsintoholefromannulargapbetweenthedrillpoleandholewalltocoolbitandcarrydrillresiduebackgroundfromcavityofdrillpole.

二简答题

1.简述桩基础的作用。

Whatarefunctionsofpilefoundation?

passthroughsoftcompressivesoilorwater,thebottompilefoundationcanbeactondensebearingstrata.

2.简述桩基础的特点？

Whatarecharacteristicsofpilefoundation?

highcarryingcapacity,goodstability,smallandevensedimentation,smallconsumptionofmaterial,convenientconstruction.Itcanavoidordecreaseunderwaterengineering,constructionequipmentandtechnicalrequirementaresimplified,constructionspeedisacceleratedandworkingconditionisimproved.

3简述桩基础的适用范围？

Whatareapplicationsofpilefoundation?

（1）whenloadingsarelarge,uppersoillayersaresoft,thelocationofsuitablelayerisdeep,itisunreasonalbeontechniqueandeconomyifshallowfoundationorartificialgroundisused;

（2）Erosionofriverbedislarge,riverisunstableoritisdifficulttocalculateerosiondepthcorrectly,layersunderfoundationorstructuresperhapsareerodedorscoured,itisunsafeifshallowfoundationisused.

（3）Whenthecalculatedsedimentationistoolargeorthebuildingissensitivetodifferentialsettlementofbuilding,pilefoundationcanpassthroughsoftlayer（high-compression）andtransferloadingstosolidlayers,itcandecreasesedimentationofbuildingandmakesedimentationevenly.

（4）Whenbuildingbearlargehorizontalloading,thedisplacementandtiltneedtobereduced;

（5）Whenconstructionwaterleverorgroundwaterlevelarehigh,ifotherdeepfoundation