牛津高中英语语法复习模块34.docx

1、牛津高中英语语法复习模块34牛津高中英语语法复习（模块 3-4）名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。（一）引导名词性从句的连接词1、连接代词： who, whose, whom, what, which 。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。2、连接副词： when, where, why, how 。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。3、连接词： that, whether, if, as if 。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略； if (whether),

2、 as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句， 因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。 连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词 whether 和 if（是否）， as if （好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词， whether、 if 和 as if 都用不上时，才用 that 作连接词（ that本身无任何含义）。（二）主语从句1、主语从句在复合句作主语。e.g. Who will go is not important.2、用 it 作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。e.g. It doesn t matter

3、so much whether you will come or not.3、 that 引导主语从句时，不能省略。e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.（三）表语从句1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。e.g. The question was who could go there.2、引导表语从句的连接词 that 有时可省去。e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.（四）宾语从句1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾

4、语。引导宾语从句的连词 that 一般可省略。e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用 which 或 if 连接，要分别用 what 或 whether。e.g. I m interested in whether you ve finished the work.I m interested in what you ve said.3、 whether 与 if 都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。宾语从句是否定句时，只用 if ，不用 whether。e.g. I wonder if it does

5、n t rain.用 if 会引起误解，就要用 whether 。e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go. （此句如果把 whether 改成 if ，容易当成条件句理解）宾语从句中的 whether 与 or not 直接连用，就不能换成 if；不直接连用，可换。e.g. I don t know whether or not the report is true.I don t know whether/ if the report is true or not.介词后的宾语从句要用 whether 引导。 whether 可与不定式连

6、用。 whether 也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成 if 。但引导条件从句时，只能用 if ，而不能用 whether 。1e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.They don t know whether to go there.Please come to see me if you have time.（五）同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语， 一般位于该名词 （如： news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise 等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容

7、。e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.练习：1.The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all.A. thatB. whatC. whyD. which2.The fact _ he was successful proves his ability.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. why3.The news _ he was kidnapped surprise

8、d us greatly.A. whatB. thatC. whyD. when4.His suggestion _ the meeting be delayed was turned down.A. whichB. thatC./D. it5.I have no idea _ he will start.A. whenB. thatC. whatD./6.Ive come from the government with a message _ the meeting wont be held tomorrow.A. ifB. thatC. whetherD. which7.The thou

9、ght _ he might fail in the exam worried him.A. whenB. whichC. whatD. that8.The order _ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.A. whichB. whetherC. thatD. what9.The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patients fear _ he would die of the disease.A. thatB. asC. of whichD. which10.He often ask

10、ed me the question _ the work was worth doing.A. whetherB. whereC. thatD. when11. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whether12. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed.A. as B.

11、which C. what D. that13. Luckily, we d brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way.A. it B. that C. this D. which14.There are signs _ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A. that B. which C. in which D. whose15. We can see the same signs _ stand out throughout the city.A.

12、that B. which C. in which D. whoseKeys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA 11-15 BBDAA2主谓一致在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。（一）语法一致原则： 语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时， 谓语动词用复数形式。 如：His father is working on the farm. / To st

13、udy English well is not easy./ What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in thesun is bad for your eyes.注意 ：由 what 引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或 what 从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时， 主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 如：What I bought were three English books./ What I

14、say and do is (are) helpful to you.2、由连接词 and 或 both and连接起来的合成主语后面， 要用复数形式的谓语动词。 如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both sheand he are Young Pioneers.注意 ： 若 and 所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如： Thewriter and ar

15、tist has come.; / 由 and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有 no, each, every more than a (an) ,many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boyand no girl likes it.3、主语为单数名词或代词， 尽管后面跟有 with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, morethan, no less than, besides,

16、 including 等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on theplayground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4、 either, neither, each, every 或 no + 单数名词和由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如： Each of us has

17、a new book. / Everything around us is matter.注意 ： 在口语中当 either 或 neither 后跟有“ of+ 复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如： Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若 none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如： None of us has (have) beento America.5、在定语从句时，关系代词 that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应

18、与句中先行词的数一致。如： He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。 这些词有 family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience 等。如：Class Four is on the third floor./ Class Four are unable to agree upon a

19、monitor.注意 ： people, police, cattle 等名词一般都用作复数。如： The police are looking for the lost child.7、由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数 +名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如： There are a lot of peoplein the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. /

20、50% of the students in our class are girls.3注意 ： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数； the number of“ 的数量”，主语是 number，谓语用单数。8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如： There comesthe bus./ On the wall are manypictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.（二）逻辑意义一致原则： 逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式

21、为复数，但意义为单数）。1、what, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如： Which isyour bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如： Thirty minutes is enough for the work.3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动

22、词通常用单数形式。如： The Arabian Nights is an interesting story-book.4、表数量的短语“ one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如： One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.5、算式中表示数目 （字） 的主语通常作单数看待， 其谓语动词采用单数形式。如： Twelve plus eight istwenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6、一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如： mathem

23、atics, politics, physics 以及 news, works 等，都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词， 它们作主语时， 其谓语动词要用单数形式。 如：The paper works wasbuilt in 1990. / I think physics isn teasy to study.7、 trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有 a (the) pair of 等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如： My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes u

24、nder the bed is his.8、“定冠词 the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。（三）就近一致原则： 在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1、当两个主语由 either or, neither nor, whether or , not only连接时，谓语but动also词和邻近的主语一致。如： Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Isneither he nor they wholly ri

25、ght?2、there be 句型 be 动词单复数取决于其后的主语。 如果其后是由 and 连接的两个主语， 则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如： There are two chairs and a desk in the room.注意 ： Here 引导的句子用法同上。练习：1.I, who_ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.A.amB.isC.areD.be2.The rich _ not always happy.A.areB.isC.hasD.have3.Neither Tom nor Jack

26、 and I _ his students.A.areB.amC.isD.was4.Mary as well as her sisters _ Chinese in China.4A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study5. Neither my father nor I _ at home.A.am B.is C.are D.be6. Not only my brother but also I _ good at painting. Both of us _ good painters.,A.are;are B.am;am C.

27、ani;are D.is;is7. Every boy and every girl _ to attend the evening party.A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like8. Over 80 percent of the population of China _ peasants.A.was B.is C. would be D.are9. The population of China _ larger than that of .any other country in the world.A.is B.are C.has D.have10. Ev

28、ery means _ tried but without any result.A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been11. Alice, together with two boys,_ for having broken the rule.A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished12. The League secretary and the monitor_ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.A

29、.is B.was C.are D.is being13. The great writer and professor_.A. is an old man B. are both old menC. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese14. There _ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.A.are B.is C.has D.have15. A large number of students in our class_ girls.A. are B. was C.

30、is D. be16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses _ much if people leave things as they are.A. doesn t change B.dont change C.change D.changed17. The Arabian Nights _ well known to the English.A. is B. are C. was D. were18. Chairman Mao s works _ published.A. has been B.have been C.was D.is19. A chemical works_ built there.A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been20. The Olympic Games _ held every _ years.A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five21 .The United States of America one of the most developed