1、名词性从句讲解习题及详解名词性从句名词性从句,即指性质相当于名词的从句,它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句记一句话 缺什么填什么 什么都不缺填that1.this is the factory ( where ) he worked for 20 years。2. this is the factory ( which or that ) is far away from his house。 3.hewillnerveforgetthedays(which or that)themspenttogether.引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连接词: whether,
2、 if(不充当从句的任何成分),that,(不充当从句的任何成分,无词义)连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which连接副词:when, where, how, why名词性从句的三个基本要素要素一:引导词 也就是引导名词性从句的关联词。这些引导词可分为三类,一是that类,二是if / whether类,三是疑问词类。既然是引导词,所以这些词就总是位于名词性从句的最前面。要素二:语序 名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同,即“主语谓语”。 尤其是当名词性从句由“疑问词”引导时,不能受疑问句的影响而误用疑问句词序。事实上,任何一种从句
3、,其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同。误:I didnt know where did he live.正:I didnt know where he lived. 我不知道他住哪儿。误:Who will he marry remains unknown.正:Who he will marry remains unknown. 他同谁结婚还不知道要素三:时态 1. 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如:She said that she didnt want to know. 她说她不想知道。I asked her whether she
4、 would agree. 我问她是否会同意(from )。2. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时,要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时,则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如:I dont know when he will come, but when he comes, Ill call you. 我不知道他什么时候,但当他来的时候,我会打电话给你。句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句,故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句,故用一般现在时表示将来意义。1. 备考主语从句应注意以下
5、三点一是从句作主语,主句谓语动词用第三人称单数;二是主语从句通常用it作形式主语,尤其是在It is +名词 / 形容词 / 过去分词+that中,或在It seems / happens that中,或疑问句中;三要注意由what, whatever, whoever引导的主语从句一般不用形式主语。2. 备考宾语从句应注意以下四点一是介词后(except等除外)一般不跟that引导的宾语从句,但可接疑问词引导的宾语从句;二是在that引导的宾语从句后若还有补语时,要用it作形式宾语,而将that从句置于补语之后;三是当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expec
6、t, imagine等时,若宾语从句要表示否定意义,往往要通过否主句来实现,即所谓否定转移;四是虽然引导宾语从句的that有时可以省略,但若宾语从句前有插入语或有间接宾语时,that不能省略;that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后或者在“形式宾语it+宾补”之后时也不能省略;that从句单独回答问题时,that也不能省略。3. 备考表语从句应注意以下三点一是除that, whether和疑问词外,as, as if, as though, because也可引导表语从句;二要注意“thats why+结果”以及“thats because+原因”的区别;三是注意the reason (why
7、/ for) is that句式。3. 备考同位语从句应注意以下三点一是同位语从句多在news, order, word (=news / order), idea, hope, suggestion, information, plan, thought, doubt, fear, belief等抽象名词后,说明其具体内容;二是同位语从句与所说明的名词有时会被谓语所分开,做题时需注意;三是引导同位语从句的有that, whether和连接副词when, where, why, how等,但绝大多数由that引导,注意同位语从句不能用which引导。主语从句学习指要作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。
8、主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分在主语从句中须注意。1. 主语从句一般用it作形式主语,放在句首,而将主语从句放到句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:(1) It + be + 名词 + that从句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 (3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
9、 (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that (1)It is possible that he has stolen the car. 很可能他偷了小车。(2)Isnt it strange that he should not ha
10、ve passed the test? 他测试没有通过,难道不奇怪吗?2. if引导主语从句时,只能用it作形式主语,放在句首,而将if引导的主语从句放到句末。如:It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。3. that引导主语从句放在句首时,that不可省,但在句末口语中可省。如:That he was ill yesterday is known now. 大家都已知道他昨天生了病。4. 连接代词引导主语从句只能放在句首。如;(1)Who has broken the glass is unkn
11、own. 谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。(2)What he wants is all here. 他所要的东西都在这里。5. 主语从句中主句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式,但what引导主语从句的主句谓语动词的形式须根据句子的意思来判断。如(from ):(1)How he worked it out is still a secret. 他是如何把它做出来的还是一个秘密(2)What they makes in this factory are TV sets. 他们在工厂里所做的东西就是电视机。宾语从句学习指要名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关
12、联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。如:He asked what you were doing last night. 他问你昨天夜晚在干什么。I didnt know that he was wounded in the accident. 我原来不知道他在那事故中受了伤。在宾语从句中须注意:1. that 在口语中常被省略,但在正式的文体中,不能省;并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句,但可引导except, but, in 等少数介词的宾语从句。如:I didnt know (that) he was Li Lei. 我不知道他就是李蕾。I will do anyt
13、hing I can to help you except that Im ill. 只要我身体舒服,我愿做任何事情来帮助你。2. 动词advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(坚决主张), order, propose, request, suggest(建议)等代的宾语从句须用虚拟语气,即:(should) do的形式。He asked that we (should) get there before nine oclock. 他要求我们在九点钟之前赶到那儿。The teacher advised us that we (should) not waste
14、our time. 老师劝告我们不要浪费时间了。4. 宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应。即:1)当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时,从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示。如:He always says that he is our good friend. 他总是说他是我们的好朋友。When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we have done a good deed. 当老师知道我们所干的事情时,他会说我们做了一件好事。2)当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时(could, would除外),从句的谓语动词须用响应
15、的过去时。如:He didnt tell us he came from Shanghai. 他没有告诉我们他来自上海。He said he had read the book. 他说他读过这本书。3)但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实,而不受时间的限制时,即使主句谓语动词为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时。如:When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of the world. 我们还是小孩子的时候,人们就告诉我们说中国在世界的东方。表语从句学习指要在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关
16、联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。如:My idea is that he can teach children English in this school. 我的想法是他能够在这所学校教孩子们英语。表语从句中应注意:1. 连接词that一般不能省略,但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时,that可以省略。如:What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。2. 当句子的主语是:advice, demand, dec
17、ision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时,表语从句须用虚拟语气,即:should +do。如:My advice is that you should go to apologize to him. 我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。同位语从句学习指要同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,这个从句就是同位语从句。如:He told us the truth t
18、hat he fell down from his bike this afternoon. 他告诉了我们他从单车上摔下来这一真相。同位语中应注意:1. 高中所学能带同位语从句的名词不多,常见的有:answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, message, news, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, questi
19、on, report, risk, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如:Hw sent us a message that he wont come next week. 他送信来告诉我们说,下周他不来了。There is no doubt that he is fit for this job. 毫无疑问,它适合这一工作。2. 表示“命令、建议、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, pla
20、n, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名词的同位语,须用虚拟语气。如:He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college. 他已清楚的表明了他要努力学习考上大学这一愿望。Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules. 不久命令下来了,所有的人不得违犯制度。3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别: (1)被修饰的词不同。同位语从句的前面一般是数量
21、有限的、表示抽象意义的名词;而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。(2)从句的作用不同。同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容;而定语从句是对先行词名词的限制、描绘或说明。(3)引导词的作用不同。引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不担任任何成分,但不能省略;而引导定语从句的that为关系代词,在从句中担任句子的某种成分,当担任定语从句中的宾语时,that可以省略。I had no idea that you were here(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient
22、 Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)(4)引导词不同。定语从句不能用what, how, whether引导;而同位从句可以用what, how, whether引导。(5)判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法。同位语从句可充当同位名词的表语;而定语从句不能充当先行词的表语。注意2 连接词的选用问题Athat,whether,if,as if(限用于表语从句)都不作句子的任何成分。因此,它们所引导的句子结构必须完整。that 一般用于确定的语气中,引导宾语从句时,口语中的that可省略,而其他情况中的that一般不可省;而whether,if一般用于不确定的语句中。如:(1)T
23、hat he learnt English before is certain. 他学过英语是肯定的。(2)I dont know whether / if he will come. 我不知道他是否会来。(3)He looks as if he knows the answer. 看起来他好像知道答案。Bwhether和if1)whether可用于任何名词性从句中,而一般只能用于宾语从句中。如果if引导主语从句时,只能放在句中,而不能置于句首。如:(1)Whether he will come or not doesnt matter. It doesnt matter whether he
24、 will come or not. 他来还是不来都没关系。(2)Do you know if / whether his words are true. 你知道他的话是否真实吗?2)whether可与or not连用,而if则不可以。如(1)Im not sure whether / if he can overcome the difficulties. 我没有把握他能否克服这些困难。(2)The radio didnt say whether it would rain or not tomorrow. 收音机并没有报道明天是否下雨。3)若用if会产生歧义时,则用whether。(1)L
25、et me know whether he will come. 告诉我他是否会来。(2)Let me know if he will come. 可理解为:告诉我他是否会来。也可理解为:如果他愿意来,就告诉我一声。4)whether可与不定式连用,而if不可以。Have you decided whether to go there tomorrow? 明天是否去那儿,你决定了吗?(句子中的whether不能用if替换)5)whether引导的从句可作某些介词及动词discuss的宾语,而if则不可以。如:(1)They are talking about whether they will
26、 take part in the strike. 他们在谈论他们是否要参加这次罢工。(2)They are discussing whether they can employ the new way. 他们在讨论他们是否可以采用这种新的方法。(以上两个句子中的whether 不能用if替换)6)宾语从句若为否定句,连接词则用if 而不用whether。如:Do you know if he hasnt been to Washington? 你知道他是否没有去过华盛顿吗?此句子中的If不能用whether替换。C连接代词、连接副词都作句子的成分,因此,选用时须确定从句是否缺少成分,然后再确
27、定选用适当的连接词。如:(1)I dont know _ he lives. (2)I dont know _ he lives there. (3)I dont know _ he lives there by fishing. (4)I dont know _ he likes. 根据从句里面的成分,句子(1)可填地点、方式等连接词where / how;句子(2)可填that, whether / if,原因连接副词why 或方式连接副词how;句子(3)可填that, whether / if,原因连接副词why;句子(4)缺少宾语,可填what。否定转移1) 将think, beli
28、eve, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。 I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。 注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往
29、哪去。 It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 3) 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。 I dont remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having) Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。 (anyone
30、作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。) 4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。 She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and
31、was struck by her beauty.(否定状语many weeks)她结婚还不到几个星期,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。1.See the flags on top of the building? That was_ we did this morning. A.when B.which C.where D.what解析:what引导表语从句,在从句中做did的宾语。when引导表语从句时,在从句中作时间状语,表示“当的时候”。which引导表语从句时,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语,意为“哪一个”,表示在有限的范围内中的某一个。where引导表语从句时,在从句中作状语,表示“在地方”。2.Please remind me_ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.(全国卷)A. where B. when C. how D. What解析:when引导宾语从句,在从句中作时间状语,意为“当的时候”。根据所提供的情景I may be in time
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