翻译方法.docx

1、翻译方法I. Teaching Contents:1. Review2. Discussion on translation methods3. Explanation of some terms4. Conclusion5. Exercises6. Assignments7. References for further readingII. Teaching Aims: To make students know about translation methods through discussion and practice III. Teaching Focus: Demesticat

2、ing and Foreignizing IV.Teaching Procedures:Step One: Review 1. Translation and equivalence1) The definition of equivalence2) The classification of equivalenceA. Formal Equivalencea. Equivalence at the word level：a) Total equivalence b) Partial equivalence c) One word with multiple equivalents i) On

3、e word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning ii) One word with several equivalents of different meaningd) Equivalents interwoven with one another e) Words without equivalents b. Equivalence at the structural and rhetorical level： a) the same word formation, the same meaning b) the same figur

4、e of speech, the same meaning c) the same form, but different meaning B. Dynamic or Functional Equivalence: C. Pragmatic Equivalence D. Stylistic Equivalence 2. Comment on the students assignmentStep 2 Questions for discussion on translation methodsA. Check students prevision on the chapter.1. What

5、translation methods have you ever heard? What are they?2. What is word-for-word translation?3. What is dynamic translation?4. What is literal translation? What is the difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation?5. How do you understand domesticating and foreignizing? 6. How

6、do you understand the relationship between “literal translation and dynamic translation” and “domesticating and foreignizing”?B. Discussion on translation methods.The process of translation consists of two phases: comprehension and expression. Generally speaking, comprehension is of foremost importa

7、nce, and expression is the natural consequence of the thorough comprehension. However, in the practice of translation we may find that now and then some words in their usual senses are very difficult to deal with because of the disparity between the English and the Chinese languages. In this case we

8、 have to resort to some special means of translation. Literal translation and free translation are two useful approaches in dealing with such awkward situations. We would like to focus on the form and meaning of the original when we use literal translation and free translation. If we further develop

9、 them, they may become domesticating and foreignizing. However, there are some differences between them. The former is more concerned on the method of dealing with translation in terms of the language itself, while the latter is on the semantics, culture and aesthetics. Since domesticating and forei

10、gnizing belong to the contents for graduates, we just have an overall idea of them. Our textbook has talked enough on them. You may refer to this part in Chapter Three. Here we are going to talk more on literal translation and dynamic translation.)(国内外都出现过所谓的直译派和意译派。美国的奈达就是意译派的代表，而英国的纽马克则是直译派的代表。中国译

11、坛的直译、意译之争也相当激烈。但不少翻译家或翻译理论家经过争论之后达成了一个共识：直译和意译应该互相兼容补充。人们发现：真正主张直译的人其实并不排斥意译，而是反对胡译、乱译；主张意译的人也不排斥直译，而是反对死译、硬译。直译容易出现“翻译症”，即追求机械对等；意译容易脱离原文本意，即随意乱译。其实两派攻击的都是对方的弱点。因此对翻译理论和方法的健康争论有利于改进翻译质量，推进翻译事业健康发展。根据我们教科书作者的看法, 直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言曾面处理形式和意义，而异化和归化则突破了语言因素的局限,将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。从翻译方法的发展历史来看，异化和归化是直译和意

12、译的概念的扩展，但有不完全等同。因为异化和归化是翻译专业研究生的学习内容，所以我们只作为一般的了解。有兴趣的同学可以认真阅读这一章并上网查阅相关书籍。）Step Three : The teachers explanation of the following termsA. Literal translation Superficially speaking, literal translation means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the

13、 sentiments and style of the original” It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possibl

14、e the figures of speech. There are quite a lot of examples of successful literal translation that have been adopted as idiomatic Chinese expressions. (所谓直译， 就是在转达原文意思的时候，使译文的表达形式和句法结构尽量同原文一致起来， 能完全对等的就完全对等， 不能完全对等的也要大致对等。其理想目标是做到“神”、“形”兼备。在翻译时间中，直译法应用的比较多是因为英汉两种语言之间存在着很多共同之处， 词汇和句式的相同、相似之处占了很大的比重。然而

15、两种语言能够完全对等的情况比较少， 而且仅限于一些包含简单意思的短语、短句。大部分情况下只是部分对应或在总的语势上对应。这种情况下我们多采用直译手法。)For examples: crocodiles tears 鳄鱼的眼泪 armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿 chain reaction 连锁反应 gentlemens agreement 君子协定 纸老虎 paper tiger 一国两制 one country, two systemsSome situations suitable for literal translation: a. Total equivalents

16、(完全对等): (When there are total equivalents in both the languages, we may use literal translation.)For examples:1. to keep the room clean and tidy 保持房间清洁 2. to enrich cultural life 丰富文化生活 3. under such circumstances 在这种情况下 4. to fish in troubled water 浑水摸鱼 5. to add fuel to the fire 火上加油 6. to break t

17、he record 打破纪录 7. a gentlemans agreement 君子协定 8. Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 9. People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes. 人们笑贫不笑娼。b. Though the expressions in two languages are different, we can find the equivalents in the tone of the both languages. In this case we prefer to use the metho

18、d of literal translation. (某些句式两种语言表达方式不同，但总的气势还基本对应时，仍采用直译。但是如果认为直译必须与原文实现词对词、句对句的对应，就很有可能导致死译、硬译（生硬的翻译）。For examples:1. Partly as a result of the recently increasing demand, wholesale tea prices have almost doubled.部分由于日益增长的需求， 批发茶价几乎翻了一翻。2. I read this letter with both surprise and excitement, su

19、rprise because he is still around, excitement because he didnt even forget me.我读到他的信时即惊又喜， 惊的是他还健在， 喜的是他一直没有忘记我。B. Free translationFree translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or fi

20、gures of speech. This approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible for the translator to do literal translation. (翻译时往往会遇到“假朋友”， 既非常熟悉的词语， 然而这些词语往往可能包含深层含义。 如照字面直译， 就会闹出笑话。这时就要将深层隐含的意思译出来， 既打破原文的语言形式， 用译文的习惯表达形式把原文的意蕴再现出来。这就是意译。但如果偏离了原文的内容与风格而随意发挥，如捕风捉影地进行编纂和杜撰，那就成了胡译、乱译。)For exa

21、mples:1) Adams apple 喉结2) at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟3) It rains cats and dogs (elephants and whales). 大雨滂沱.4) Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。(不必自寻烦恼。)5) Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗?6) a nuclear family ( a family group that consists only of father, mother and children)

22、 小家庭7) It was an old and ragged moon. 这是一弯下弦残月。 8) Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market. 直译： 昨夜我听见他把他的猪赶到市场。 意译： 昨夜我听见他酣声如雷。 9) He is being a good boy now. 直译： 他现在正是一个好孩子。 意译： 他现在正乖着呢。10) They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们跑得象他们的腿所能载他们的那样快。分析： 此句译文是机械照译，虽含含糊糊地传达了原文的

23、意思， 但可读性太差。改译：a. 他们飞快逃命，只恨爹娘没给生出四条腿。b. 他们拼命地逃跑。c. 他们拼命奔逃，连吃奶的力气都用上了。11) Justice has long arms.原文表层信息： （正义）法律有长胳膊。（不符合汉语表达习惯。） 原文深层信息： （正义）法律的权力和威力是“鞭长可及的，是无边的，罪犯不管逃到何方，终可缉拿归案。意译： 天网恢恢，疏而不漏。（罪犯难逃法网。）12) Their language was almost unrestrained by any motive of prudence. 原文表层信息：他们的语言几乎不受任何谨慎动机的束缚。（可读性差）

24、 原文深层信息：畅所欲言， 无所顾忌， 谨慎动机没有起约束作用。 意译：他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么， 都没有顾及到什么谨慎不谨慎的问题。13) The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters. 原文表层信息：关于增税的谈论对选民来说是一面红旗。（令人费解。a red flag 此处指令人生气的事， 源于西班牙的斗牛民俗。牛场上人们用红布来极怒牛。） 意译：关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。 14) Will a duck swim? 当然了， 那还用说吗？15) And the shell burst into a million

25、 new copies.直译：炮弹一爆炸，变成了几百万份新的拷贝。意译：炮弹炸成了无数碎片。16) She knew I knew and she knew if she got funny Id either ruin the romance or make her marry him, so she was very friendly.乱译、直译：她很了解我，我很了解她；要是她遭遇困难，我得牺牲我们的浪漫，让她同他结婚，因为她待我太好了。评论： “意译法”的核心是灵活变通。但灵活变通是有根据的灵活变通， 不是置原文不顾地乱译一气。正确翻译：她知道我知道她和他的事（根据上下文增词， 便于理解

26、），她也明白她要是跟我过不去，破坏或成全他们全在我的一念之间。所以她对我很客气。Step Four: ConclusionThe above illustrations can not be translated literally，otherwise, the Chinese rendition would make no sense at all. Let alone the original meaning. From the above analysis, we come to the conclusion that there is no obvious distinction be

27、tween literal translation and free translation, nor is it necessary to distinguish one from the other. The key point for a translator to grasp is to comprehend the original thoroughly, and then put it into idiomatic Chinese. In the process of translation, specific approaches such as literal or free

28、translation may be of some help, but we should avoid the two extremes.(总结：使用何种意法并无一定之规， 能直译时就直译， 不能直译时就意译， 有时还可以使用直译加意译加音译的方法。如the United States of America（美利坚合众国）就是直译、意译加音译等多中方法想结合的一个很好的例子。总之，在不影响通顺的前提下，要尽可能采取接近于原文的表达形式；如果保留原文的表达形式可能会以形害义，或者是读者误解， 或者使译文不通顺流畅，那么就应借助于其它手段。) 1. Remedial Methods : Lite

29、ral translation with explanations 1) 姜太公钓鱼, 愿者上钩。 Like the fish rising to Chiang Tai Gongs hookless and baitless linewillingly fall into the snare2) 杞人忧天: like the man of Chi who was haunted by the fear that the sky might fall-unnecessary anxiety.3) 史记：Shiji, Historical Records by Simaqian4) 离骚：Li S

30、ao, a long poem of patriotism5) 红楼梦：A Dream of Red Mansion/Shitouji/the Story of the Stone, Red Chamber，novel published in the early Qing Dynasty by Cao XueqinRemedial Methods: Combination of literal and free translation with explanations 1) 民工潮Farmers frenzied hunt for work in cities2) “三讲”教育: “Thr

31、ee emphasis ” education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and conduct3) 安居工程：Housing project for low-income family2. Other Translation Methods1) 推演法(deduction) community business community legal community Sarah community2) 移植法(transplant) microwave supermarket right-wing outparty3) 引

32、申法(extension) brain mind bottleneck There is more to their life than political and social and economical problem; more than transient everydayness4) 替代法(substitution) Washington and Moscow still dominate arms market5) 释义法(explanation)6) 缀合法(combination) exploring and surveying7) 音译法(transliteration) gene MastercardStep Fi