第二讲 定语及定语从句.docx

1、第二讲 定语及定语从句第二讲 定语及定语从句思维导图.定语1修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。2定语可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。3定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。The beautiful girl is her daughter.(形容词和形容词性物主代词作前置定语)那个漂亮的女孩是她的女儿。The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语)正在修复的那幢楼是我们的图书馆。.定语从句一、必须掌握的定语从句的3个概念及2种分类1定语从

2、句在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作后置定语)定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。2先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：(1)一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)This is the place which is worth visiting.这是值得参观的地方。He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。(2)一个短语Many

3、 lifes problems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。(3)一个分句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought，which took

4、 root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点是在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。(4)一个完整的句子I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately，which was why I was late that morning.我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医

5、院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。3关系词引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中作句子成分。Beijing, which is the capital city of China，is a verybeautiful city.4分类(1)限制性定语从句它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识那个刚刚进

6、来的女孩吗？The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life.我第一次遇见怀特先生的时候是一个我一生中非常困难的时期。(2)非限制性定语从句它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。The old woman，who lives on her own, has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。He whispered to me the new

7、s，which was really amazing.他低声告诉我这个消息，它真令人惊叹。二、正确使用关系词1关系代词关系代词先行词句法功能who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语whom人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whose (of whom/of which)人或物定语that人或物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)which物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)as人或物主语、宾语Those who are interested in the film can contact me.对该电影感兴趣的可与我联系。My daughter，whose job requires

8、her to do a lot of travelling，is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。名师指津 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.汤姆是被派往国外的工程师之一。Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆就是唯一提出解决方案的那位工程师。2两组关系词的区别(1)4种只用that而不用which的情况

9、：先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？先行词被序数词、形容词最高级， the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。This is the only thing that we can do n

10、ow.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。(2)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别whichas位置上只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活，可位于句首、句中

11、，也可置于句末搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等意思上意为“这一点”表示“正如，正像的那样”She married again，which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。She married again，as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。名师指津 as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such名词as(像一样的，像之类的)；such(pron.)as(像一样的，像之类的)；the same名词as(和同样的)。We have found such mate

12、rials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。3关系副词关系副词先行词句法功能when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。The Voice of China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for m

13、usic，where some have stood out among them.中国好声音为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didnt study hard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。名师指津 当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。They have reached the

14、point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。4“介词关系词”引导的定语从句构成句法功能用法指津名词(代词)介词关系代词主语可转化为“whose名词”结构数词(形容词最高级)of关系代词主语数词还可以用some，many，most，each等不定代词替换介词(短语)关系代词状语关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换介词关系代词名词状语关系代词常用which 和whose介词关系副词状语有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或toRecently，I bou

15、ght an ancient vase，the price of which was very reasonable.最近，我买了一个古董花瓶，它的价格很合理。He has ten cousins，the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。Lily might possibly come，in which case Ill ask her.莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。There is a big window

16、in my room，from where I can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词1如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句用who。2如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句用whom。3如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which。4如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/wher

17、e; 如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。5不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。6如果先行词指人，“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom，如果先行词指物，“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。单句语法填空1Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and

18、 early deaths from all causes.(2018全国卷)答案that/which根据句子结构可知，此处是定语从句的关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，其先行词是study，故填that/which。2Many westerners _ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018浙江高考)答案who/that先行词指人，故用who/that 引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。3But Sarah，_has

19、 taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国卷)答案who分析句子结构可知，此处应是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，故用关系代词who。4Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，_ it remained until

20、the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.For Pahlsson，its return was a wonder.(2017浙江高考)答案where根据句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the garden”，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where引导。5But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，_ I was the first Western TV reporter perm

21、itted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全国卷)答案when先行词是表示时间的“the mid1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词when。6Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，_lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC.，influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016全国卷)答案who分析句子结构

22、可知，此句是非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，且空格处在从句中作主语，故填who。.单句语法填空1In the following years，there were fewer dropouts and more college graduates in my village，which I am proud of even today.(2019台州模拟)2Being in a big，busy building in a country where I could not speak the language made me nervous，but as I found my way，I ga

23、ined confidence.(2019绍兴模拟)3The report has also drawn criticism，with some scientists arguing that the data on which it is based is not wide and representative enough to generate a single number for the decline of wildlife worldwide.(2019湖州模拟)4After some time，when both of you have renewed your confide

24、nce in each other，go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.(2019金华模拟)5Badaling is the most famous of the five sections which/that lie near Beijing and can be accessed easily.(2019温州模拟)6Beijing Opera has a history of 200 years，whose origin can be seen as old local operas，especially Anhui Opera.

25、(2019兰溪联考)7The teen，who is black and only speaks some basic Chinese，has been praised by teachers since he picked up the music as a kindergartener.(2019台州中学模拟)8In addition，due to peoples awful impression of the smoking people，the habit will limit our social network，which will finally lead to loneline

26、ss.(2019富阳中学模拟)9As is widely accepted，in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses，but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.(2019宁海中学模拟)10The products，several of which have been recently introduced，seem to be well accepted.(2019东阳中学模拟).语法填空(2019乐清二模)A bridge is a str

27、ucture built 1._(cross) a river，road，valley and so on.Designs of bridges differ depending 2._ the function of the bridge and the nature of the land where the bridge is constructed.The first bridges 3._ (make) of wooden logs.Most of these early bridges were poorly built and could rarely support heavy

28、 weights.It was this inadequacy that 4._ (lead) to the development of better bridges.The arch was first used for bridges by the Roman Empire，some of 5._ still stand today.The oldest surviving arch stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge，6._ (date) back to the Sui Dynasty.The great bridge expert

29、 Mao Yisheng once said that 1，300 years was enough to prove the completeness of its entire structure.The bridge is complex yet elegantly constructed.Taking in the whole view，you will find it a singlearch bridge.However，it is actually a vertical combination of twentyeight 7._(arch)The two smaller spa

30、ns (桥拱) in the shoulders of the bridge is a 8._ (create) invention in the history of the bridge construction，giving the stone bridge a 9._ (fair) pretty design.This bridge will continue to stand there not only as a tourist attraction 10._ a treasure for everyone to enjoy.【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了中国幸存的最古老的石拱桥赵州桥。1to cross考查非谓语动词。此处作目的状语，故应用动词不定式。2on/upon考查介词。depend on/upon依靠，取决于。3were made考查被动语态。be made of由制成；根据句中的first可知应用一般过去时。4led考查动词的时态。本句为强调句型，强调主语this inadequacy，根据强调句型中的was可知此处应用led。5which考查定语从句。先行词为bridges，非限制性定语从句中关系词作of的宾语，因此用which。6dating考查非谓语动词。the