英语写作常见问题.docx

1、英语写作常见问题英语写作常见问题一、选词罕见效果准确而有效地用词依赖于往常的积聚和准确了解。现将作文中经常出现的效果总结如下，希望能对大家有所协助。（一）误用口语词汇或俚语专业四级考试中的作文多为议论文，要求逻辑性强，结构紧凑，具有压服力，而口语体中多为复杂句，结构松懈，不适宜表达这样的思想观念。请看下面这篇题为Why I Learn English的短文:I think learning English is very important, especially to me. Well, if you ask me why, Ill tell you some reasons. Lets l

2、ook at something in job market. Anyway if you cant speak English, you cant get a good job. Dont you believe? Then another is to communicate with foreigners. You know, if you cant speak English, how can you make your idea understood by them? You see, spoken English is getting more and more important.

3、 So why dont I learn English well?上文中的句式和用词都比拟口语化，斜体局部都是典型的口语用词，在作文中应防止运用。我们将上文修正如下，作一比拟：To learn English is very important for the following two reasons: for one thing, with the increasing competitiveness in job market, college graduates are not only expected to obtain some special knowledge and te

4、chnique in a field, but to have a good command of English to find a good job. For another, English is an international language which is necessary in communication with foreigners. In a word, I am determined to work hard at English to find a nice job and to communicate effectively with foreigners in

5、 English.修正后的短文不但改掉了口语词汇，还运用了衔接词和复合句，增强了文章的连接性和逻辑性。俚语尤其要防止运用，由于俚语给人的觉得极端随意，与议论文文体不符。而且有的带有方言性，有的带有粗俗性，多出如今口语中和戏剧、电视、电影、小说的对白中，不适宜书面文体运用。例如：y friend Li Yong got the sack yesterday and I called to express my sympathy.To get the sack是俚语，意为被解雇，有调侃之意，应将其改为was dismissed，使其与前面的to express my sympathy 坚持作风分歧

6、。再如：y little son is bloody intelligent.Bloody是粗俗语，应改为very。二喜用笼统词笼统词往往偏长、大、难，如以configuration替代pattern，以counter-productive 替代ineffective。不少笼统动词以-ize, -ise后缀开头，如casualize雇用暂时工。过多且不适外地运用笼统词会使原本明白复杂的句子变得隐晦模糊，且给人以装腔作势之感。请看例句：The desirability of attaining unanimity so far as the general construction of the

7、 body is concerned is of considerable importance from the production aspect.此句用词笼统，结构繁杂，The desirability of attaining unanimity其实就是agree之意，so far as the general construction of the body is concerned即on a standard body, from the production aspect可改为for increased production。如此，上句可改写为：To increase produ

8、ction, it is important to agree on a standard body.因此我们在写作文时，可以化笼统为详细，化通俗为深刻，从笼统的意思中引出详细地意义，以意义显豁的词语替代意义模糊的词语。三词语的误用在我们的作文中，经常会晤到用词不当的状况，影响意义的表达。其缘由多是由于对词汇的意义和用法掌握不够准确而形成的，详细说来有如下几点：其一,曲解词义。有些英语词汇看似汉语释义相反，但详细意义是有差异的。请看以下各句中的用词错误：1)* Both salt and sugar are easy to melt in hot water.2)* They persuade

9、d their son to try again, but he just turned a deaf ear to them.3)* It is uneasy for the children to do such a thing.在例中，melt指物体受热熔化，而不是指溶质在溶剂中的溶解。例中的persuade不只指劝说，而且强调结果压服某人做某事，这与该句后半局部he just turned a deaf ear to them语义矛盾。例的uneasy在古英语中有不容易之意，但在现代英语中曾经没有这种用法了，而是表示心神不安之意。因此，以上句应改为：1) Both salt and s

10、ugar are easy to dissolve in hot water.2)They advised their son to try again, but he just turned a deaf ear to them.3)It is difficult for the children to do such a thing.其二，用法错误。先看几个例子：1)*We hope him to get the first prize.2)*Who is responsible for this department?3)*She will probably be elected wom

11、an chairman.以上各例都是由于词语的用法错误而招致不契合英语的表达习气。例中，hope只能用于hope to do something或hope + that从句的结构中，不能说hope somebody to do something。例中的responsible for表示对某事的结果担任，而不表示汉语中的担任某个部门的任务。例中女主席以及相似的女议员女诗人等，不能用woman作定语。woman和man作定语区分男女时，只能用在一些表示职业的名词前。以上句正确的表达应为：1)We expect him to get the first prize.2)Who is in char

12、ge of this department?3)She will probably be elected chairwoman.有些动词，词义不易解释清楚，用法比拟巧妙运用时经常出错。如characterize一词的中文释义为表示的特性、具有的特性，但在运用时不能直接把汉语意思往里套。如要表达某民族具有勤劳和英勇的特点，不能说：*The nation characterizes industry and courage.而要说：Industry and courage characterize the nation.或The nation is characterized by industr

13、y and courage.相似的词还有feature, star等，这些词在学习时一定要弄清楚它与主语和宾语的关系。其三，不区分词语的运用语境。用词不只要思索其语义，还要思索其上下文情境。还是来看几个例子：1)*The conclusion that the scholar has come to is that kids should not have to suffer for the sins of their fathers.2)*Mrs. Brown was indignant with her son, because he hadnt done his homework.3)*

14、While reading the tragedy, the girl cried over its pages.Kid是口语体词汇，而例从整个句子来看应该是一项研讨的结果，是比拟正式的文体，kid在此处不适宜。例中的indignant是一个较严肃的词，意为愤怒、气愤，常指由正义感而惹起的愤怒心情，不适宜表示母亲对孩子的不满意。例中，cry表示放声大哭，不适宜表示句中因被书中情节感动而哭泣。以上句可修正如下：1)The conclusion that the scholar has come to is that children should not have to suffer for t

15、he sins of their fathers.2)Mrs. Brown was angry with her son, because he hadnt done his homework.3)While reading the tragedy, the girl wept over its pages.其实上述三种状况是相互关联的，我们掌握一个英语单词除了要掌握其准确含义，还必需要了解它详细的用法和运用的情境，这样才干准确地表达自己的思想。除了以上我们提到的一些错误之外，拼写错误及误用词性招致的语法错误也都很罕见。要克制这些错误，一方面往常要勤于积聚，另一方面，在考试时应尽量选用自己熟习

16、、有掌握的词汇，防止出错。(四)汉语思想对用词的影响在我们往常记单词或在字典里查单词时，有些同窗习气于只看单词的汉语释义，而且将这个英语单词与它的汉语释义划上等号，而不去理会单词的详细用法和含义。比如，说到身体好不少同窗会马上想到good body。汉语中的身体既可以指躯体，也可以指安康状况，而body只能指躯体。身体好可以用healthy来表示。实践上，在两种言语中，意义完全对等的词汇是十分少的。在上文的词汇搭配、词汇误用等局部举出的错误例子中，有不少都是由于汉语思想的影响而出错的。下面我们再看几个例子：1) *The traffic in Beijing is getting more a

17、nd more crowded.2) *The price of car is so cheap that quite some people can afford it.3) *The speed of a plane is faster than that of a train.例 中，crowded表示拥堵时，意为having too many people，我们可以说crowded buses, hotels, downtown area，但不能表示交通拥堵。例中的cheap可以表示详细事物廉价，但价钱廉价不能说price is cheap。异样，fast自身表示速度快，但不能用来说明

18、speed。现将以上三句修正为：1) The traffic in Beijing is getting more and more congested.2) The price of car is so low that quite some people can afford it.3) The speed of a plane is higher than that of a train.二、句式多样化假设在一篇文章里只要一两种句式，且句子长度大致相等，势必会使文章单调呆板，平淡无味。要使文章生动，具有吸引力，就必需灵敏变换句式。句式多样化可经过以下手腕来到达。一改动句子主语在汉语句子中

19、常用人来作主语，强调人对事物或对人自身的作用或影响，但在英语中常用非人称作主语着重强调物对人的作用，对人思想和行为的影响及其发生的结果。这种表达法往往带有拟人化修辞颜色，语气委婉，比喻笼统，文体也显得自然、轻松、客观性强。例如：1)New years Day saw them enjoying themselves in the activity of gala.2)The Second World War brought him rapid battle promotion.假设改为我们习气的以人作主语，那么显然不如上述两句精练、笼统、客观、公正：1)They enjoyed themsel

20、ves in the activity of gala on New Years Day.2)He got rapid battle promotion during the Second World War.有些以物作主语的句子已丧失拟人化的修辞颜色，此类句子中罕见的动词有：find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, happen, occur等。例如：1)His name escapes me for the moment.

21、2)The sight of the old house reminds me of my poor life when I was young.3)The point slipped my attention.二改动句子扫尾在句子中，除了以主语扫尾外，还可以依据详细状况，用其它句子成分扫尾。如：1以同位语扫尾，如：The most common liquid, water, has always been a useful source of power.2以副词扫尾，如： Casually, the thief slipped one of the watches into his coa

22、t sleeve.3以表语扫尾，如： Very important in the farmers life is the radio weather report.4以宾语扫尾，如：What they were asked to do in ten days, they finished in two.5以介词短语扫尾。在以下两段中，第二段适当用介词短语作为句子的扫尾，使对比鲜明，句子生动：I always listen to the latest song hits. The new tunes are most interesting to me. But my parents do no

23、t share this enthusiasm. The old songs seem good enough to them.I always listen to the latest song hits. To me the new tunes are most interesting. But my parents do not share this enthusiasm. To them the old songs seem good enough.6以分词短语扫尾，如：Troubled by the dream, he woke up with a start.7以动词不定式扫尾，如

24、：To find the hidden papers, the inspectors looked through several suitcases.三改动句子结构英语句子按语法结构分可分为复杂句、并列句、复合句，按用法功用分可分为陈说句、疑问句、祈使句、慨叹句，按修辞格分可分为松懈句、尾重句、平衡句、平行句、倒装句等。写作时可依据详细状况，灵敏运用各种句式。例如要表达大意驾驶易惹起车祸可以有以下几种表达方式：1)Traffic accidents are invited by careless driving.2)Careless driving invites traffic accid

25、ents.3)For anyone to drive carelessly is t invite traffic accidents.4)The fact that you drive carelessly invites traffic accidents.5)To drive carelessly is to invite traffic accidents.6)Driving carelessly invites traffic accidents.7)Anyone who drives carelessly is to invite traffic accidents.8)Traff

26、ic accidents are what careless driving invites.9)Whoever drives carelessly is to invite traffic accidents.四改动句子长度长句和短句各有特点，各有用途。短句结构复杂，明白易懂，适用于下定义，一些重要理想的陈说，或是描写迅速的举措和激动的心境。如：The man knelt down again, watching Charlie carefully. He lowered the pole but kept his head raised. Charlie stood indecisivel

27、y. Then he ran to a snow pile by the curbstone. The man shifted to see him. You come near me, and Ill break your neck. He said.长句结构复杂，容量大，能在一句中表达复杂而完整的内容，适用于描写、说明、议论，如：Exploded and developed by the people from all over the world, America is a new country, a nation of nations, a classless society whe

28、re everyone is considered equal, everyone can make a name through hard work, even a farmers son can work his way up to be a president.在一个段落中，长句和短句应交织运用，既防止句子单一化，还可以添加言语的表现力。尤其留意不要过多堆积短句，那样会使句与句之间连接性差，使读者读起来有一种磕磕绊绊的觉得。堆积短句、复杂句实践上是言语技巧不成熟、言语水平低的表现，还会使文章显得稚气、呆板。下面的这段文字中就有这样的缺点：I returned to my room. Th

29、ere was a note under my door. It was from Bill. He said he was in the town looking for a job. He hadnt found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me. 这段话中有六句复杂句，读来单调有趣，而且句与句之间缺乏联络。如今我们将它修正如下，使意义更明白，并表达出句与句之间的逻辑关系：When I returned to my room, I found a note from Bill under the door.

30、 He said he was in the town looking for a job, but hadnt found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me.当然我们也不倡议运用冗长、造作的长句，更不能把一些短句机械地堆积成一个长句。下面的例子就是这种状况：It is about six oclock when we finish supper and I get ready to go to the early show at the movies because I like to get out ear

31、ly so I can go dancing with the crowd.在段落中，我们可以应用长句和短句各自的特点，发扬它们的优点。短句言简意赅，意义明白，可以用在段首来提出讨论的主题，和在段尾总结中心思想。中间的细节和论述局部可以由长句来完成。如下面的段落中第一句为短句，也是段落的主题句，前面的长句那么是对第一句的说明：Newspapers give a distorted view of life. They overemphasize the unusual, such as a mother giving birth to quintuplets, the development

32、of a Christmas tree that grows its decorative cones, the minting of two pennies which were only half-engraved, gang fights, or teenage drinking.三、罕见效果一误用平行结构所谓平行结构 (parallelism) 是指把结构相反或相似，意义相关，语义分歧的几个词、短语、分句或句子并列运用。它的作用一是可以使句子流利、连接，二是可以使句子平衡、富于节拍感，且在表达上具有力度。如：He passes his time doing crossword puzzles and building model airplanes.If you