英语医学论文摘要写作I.docx

1、英语医学论文摘要写作I英语医学论文摘要写作II Functions and purpose of Abstracts (论文摘要的作用) The function of the abstract of a scientific paper is to provide an overview of the paper so that the readers know the main story and a few essential details of your work without reading the whole text of the paper. The abstract sh

2、ould make sense both when read alone and when read with the paper. - URMSMJ The purpose of the abstract is to allow readers to quickly examine the content of a paper. This is one of the most important parts of the manuscript because most bibliographic services post abstracts. They also use abstracts

3、 to classify the paper by keywords. Many readers look only at the abstract or use it to decide whether or not to examine more of the paper. Abstracts are also used to select submitted manuscripts for presentation at national scientific meetings so the quality and clarity of an abstract is also impor

4、tant in a competitive sense. Example: Chemical Abstracts, CA ; Biological Abstracts, BA ; Excerpta Medica, EM The abstract is a summary of the key points from all sections of the paper. Some abstracts are more general in type(indicative abstracts), while others include significant detail about the c

5、ontent of the paper (informative abstracts). The latter are more typical of scientific writing and should include statements about: The background information.The research problem and the hypothesis.The experimental design and methods, described in enough detail so that the reader will understand ho

6、w the experiments were done.The results with quantitative data, supported by statistical analysis. The abstract should be able to stand alone as a statement of the research.The most important conclusions of the study.The number of words allowed is usually limited to 250300 words in total. Example: T

7、he Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA 135 words; American Journal of medical Sciences, AJMS 200 words; China: Chinese 200-300URMSMJ: non-structured: 150 words; structured: 250.Generally: about 200 wordsThe abstract is usually written in the past tense.Unlike other sections of the pape

8、r, the abstract does not usually include references to the literature. The abstract should not contain any abbreviations since they make reading difficult. Spelling errors or typographical mistakes are also serious problems since they make readers think that the work has not been carefully done.II C

9、lassification of Abstracts（摘要的分类）Format: Non-structured Abstract （非结构式） Structured Abstract（结构式）Character: Indicative abstract（通报性或指示性摘要） Informative abstract（报道性或资料性摘要）（结构式和非结构式）Informative-indicative abstract (资料/指示性摘要 ) Structured Abstracts （结构式摘要） Critical Abstracts (评论性摘要): comment on some rese

10、arch, method or conclusion.Non-structured Abstract （非结构式）：指示性摘要：Indicative abstract（亦称通报性、描述性或说明性摘要）只通报论文主题，不介绍研究的材料、方法、数据和结果等具体内容，有的甚至只有1-2个句子。研究简报、专题讨论、技术方法及医学文献综述等摘要多为指示性。100字左右。一般用现在时表述。许多专业杂志在其目录页的标题下都有一个指示性摘要，特别是编者认为较重要的一些文章标题后。如：Free transfer of two undamaged fingers from a non-replantable le

11、ft arm to a mutilated right hand in a 16-month-old boy is reported. （本文报道将一无法再植的左臂上的两个未受损伤的手指移植给一16岁男孩被切断的右手。） Primary Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal TractAn institutional experience with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma(PGL) is reviewed. The clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PGL

12、are discussed.资料性摘要：Informative abstract （亦称报道性摘要）告诉读者研究的总体情况，使他们了解研究的目的、材料、方法、结果、结论以及存在的问题 或对未来的展望。学术性期刊或论文集多选用资料性摘要，子数300左右。研究过程、结果及结论是叙述的内容。Example: Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking The smoking habit of 48 patients with malignant hypertension was compared with that of 92 consecutive p

13、atients with non-malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smoker when first diagnosed. This difference was significant, and remained so when only men or black and white patients were considered separately. Results

14、 suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette smoking. 资料/指示性摘要 兼顾两种摘要的写法， 即以资料性文摘的形式表达论文中信息价值较高的内容，而以指示性摘要的形式略述其余部分。字数200词左右。Example: Malignant Lymphoma Associated with Marked EosinophiliaA 60-year-old black man with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma pres

15、ented with generalized lymphadenopathy and marked eosinophilia. Extensive evaluation of the eosinophils revealed them to be normal morphologically and functionally. The patient responded to corticosteroid therapy with resolution of the lymphadenopathy and reversion of the peripheral blood counts to

16、normal limits. Recurrence of the original clinical picture within months prompted institution of systemic chemotherapy. Response was transient, and the patient expired after an unremitting downhill course. Recent advances in our knowledge of mechanisms of eosinophilia and eosinophilia function are r

17、eviewed. The relationship of lymphoma to eosinophilia is discussed.Parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease: A reason for early cholecystectomy Patients who receive long-term parenteral （不经胃肠的）nutrition have an increased incidence of both calculous and acalculous cholecystitis. 【研究背景用现在时表述】I

18、n an attempt to establish guidelines for clinical management of patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease, we have reviewed the records of 35 patients who have undergone cholecytectomy for this problem since 1976 at the UCLA Medical Center.【目的用过去时或现在时表述】 The mean age of the 23 adults and 12 chil

19、dren who had cholecystectomy was 29.1 years. Forty percent of these patients required emergency cholecystecotmy. 【材料和方法 - 过去时表述】 The overall operative morbidity was 54 percent, and the hospital mortality was 11 percent. Significant factors contributing to this high rate of complications included a d

20、elay in diagnosis, especially in the young children, and increased operative difficulty due to extensive adhesions and intraoperative hemorrhage. 【结果 - 过去时表述】 Our analysis suggests that patients receiving long-term TPN should have a program of ultrasound surveillance for gallbladder formation, elect

21、ive cholecystectomy when stones first appear, and consideration of cholecystectomy at the time of laparotomy performed for other reasons. 【结论 - 时态视具体情况】 Whether TPN-induced gallstones can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying awaits results of future studies. 【前瞻性说明 - 现在时或将来时表述】

22、 上述3种摘要是传统型摘要（Traditional Abstract）或非结构式摘要（Non-structured Abstract）。 其缺点是段落不明，没有按层次列出具体项目名称，给阅读、审稿、二次文献编制索引以及计算机处理等带来不便。Structured Abstracts （结构式摘要）结构式摘要在形式上按一定的格式列出项目名称，逐项叙述。常见的格式有两种：半结构式摘要和全结构式摘要。半结构式摘要（Semi-structured Abstracts）1. 根据国际医学杂志编辑委员会（The International committee of Medical Journal Edito

23、rs, ICMJE）制定的生物医学期刊投稿统一要求(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997) (Vancouver System) 规定， 采用OMRAC 或AMRAC格式，即四要素或四层次结构式摘要， 有人称其为半结构式摘要（Semi-structured Abstracts）. 结构式摘要不超过250词。其内容包括：2） Purpose of research（目的） 3） Methodology（方法）/ Materials（材料） 5） Result

24、s（结果） 6） Conclusions（结论）Example 1Purpose: Autopsy studies have shown that pregnancy results in physiologic pituitary（垂体的）enlargement. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to corroborate these findings in vivo. Patients and Methods: Based on gestational age, 32 normal primigravid (初产的) patients w

25、ere divided into three groups: Group I (n=11), less than 12 gestational weeks; Group II (n=10), 13 to 26 gestational weeks, and Group II (n=11), 27 gestational weeks or more. The pituitary dimensions and volumes in these groups were compared with those in 20 healthy nulliparous（未经产的）women (control g

26、roup). Results: MRI measurements showed a significant increase in pituitary volume in Group I, II and III when compared with the control group (p0.05). At the end of pregnancy, the hypothysis had increased 2.6mm in vertical, anteroposterior, and transverse dimensions, with overall increase of 136 pe

27、rcent when compared with that of the control group. Conclusion: Baseline measurement of the normal enlargement of the pituitary gland that occurs during pregnancy could prove useful when evaluating pregnant patients with suspected pituitary tumors or lymphocytic hypothysitis.Example 2Objective: To e

28、valuate the incidence of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene G20310A mutation in patients with venous thrombosis and healthy volunteers. Methods: Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene G20210 A mutation were analyzed in 97 cases of venous thrombosis and 100 healthy volunteers with the methods of one-

29、step PCR-RFLP. Results: PCR products for the factor V gene (175 Bp) and for the prothrombin gene (118 bp) were identified to 157 bp and 98 bp fragments by electrophoreses after Taq I treatment. No factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene G20210 A mutation were found in each group. Conclusion: The low in

30、cidence of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene G2010A mutation suggest that they are not the major genetic risk factors for thrombophilia in the Chinese. 全结构式（full-structured）摘要： 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth创导下，美国内科学记事（Annuals of Internal Medicin

31、e）在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。它不是一段，而是由一系列很短的段落组成，每一段有一个小标题开头。国外的一些杂志如：英国医学杂志(British Medical Journal, BMJ)、美国医学协会杂志(The Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA)等要求采用这种形式。 Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含9个要素： 1. 背景(Context/Background)2. 目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题 3. 设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括的研究性质 4. 地

32、点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级 5. 对象（Patients, participants or subjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法 6. 处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法 7. 主要测定项目（Main outcome measures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目 8. 结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果 9. 结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义 有时根据情况删除1-2项，或将其中数项合并，但目的、结果和结论部分是重点内容。 Objectives: To determine wheth