曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释中英.docx

1、曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释中英曼昆经济学原理（第七版）微观经济学分册名词解释中英文归纳CHAPTER 1 Ten Principles of EconomicsScarcity: the limited nature of societys resources稀缺性:社会资源的有限性 Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scar

2、ce resources效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society平等：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do t

3、he best they can to achieve their objectives理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人Marginal change: a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action边际变动:对行动计划的微小增量调整Incentive: something that induces a person to act激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized de

4、cisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services市场经济:当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过它们的分散决策配置资源的经济。Property rights: the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources产权:个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力Market failure: a situation in which a market left on it

5、s own fails to allocate resources efficiently市场失灵:市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况Externality: the impact of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystander外部性:一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响Market power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices市场势力:单个经济

6、活动者。（或某个经济活动小群体），对市场价格有显著影响的能力Productivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input生产率:每单位劳动投入所生产的物品与服务数量Inflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy通货膨胀:经济中物价总水平的上升Business cycle: fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and pro

7、duction经济周期:就业和生产等经济活动的波动CHAPTER 2 Thinking Like an EconomistCircular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms 循环流量图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。Production possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of outpu

8、t that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology生产可能性边界：表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。Microeconomics: the study of how house- holds and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets微观经济学：研究家庭与企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何

9、在市场上相互交易的学科Macroeconomics: the study of economy- wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀，失业和经济增长的学科。Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is 实证表述：试图描述世界是什么样子的观点。Normative statements: claims that attempt to prescribe

10、how the world should be规范表述：试图描述世界应该是什么样子的观点。CHAPTER 3Interdependence and the Gains from TradeAbsolute advantage: the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer绝对优势：一个生产者用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东

11、西。Comparative advantage: the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer 比较优势：一个生产者以低于另一个生产者的机会成本生产某种物品的能力。Imports: goods produced abroad and sold domestically进口品：在国外生产而在国内销售的物品Exports: goods produced domestically and sold abroad出口品：在国内生产而在国外销售的物品。CHAPTER 4The Market

12、Forces of Supply and DemandMarket: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service 市场：由某种物品或服务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price 竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。Quantit

13、y demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase 需求量：买者愿意并且能够购买的一种物品的数量。Law of demand: the claim that, other things being equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises 需求定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的价格上升对该物品的需求量减少的观点。Demand schedule: a table that sh

14、ows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded需求表：表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的表格Demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded 需求曲线：表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的图形。Normal good: a good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income l

15、eads to an increase in demand 正常物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。Inferior good: a good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand 低档物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。Substitutes: two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand f

16、or the other 替代品：一种物品价格的上升引起另一种物品需求量的增加的两种物品。Complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other互补品：一种物品价格的上升引起另一种物品需求量的减少的两种物品。Quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell 供给量：卖者愿意并且能够出售的一种物品的数量。Law of

17、 supply: the claim that, other things being equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises 供给定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的价格上升该物品的供给量增加的观点。Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied供给表：表示一种物品的价格与供给量之间关系的表格。Supply cu

18、rve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied 供给曲线：表示一种物品的价格与供给量之间关系的图形。Equilibrium: a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded 均衡：市场价格达到使供给量与需求量相等的水平时的状态。Equilibrium price: the price that b

19、alances quantity supplied and quantity demanded 均衡价格：使供给与需求平衡的价格。Equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price 均衡数量：均衡价格下的供给量与需求量。Surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded 过剩：供给量大于需求量的状态。Shortage: a situation in

20、 which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied 短缺：需求量大于供给量的状态。Law of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance 供求定理：认为任何一种物品的价格都会自发调整，使该物品的供给与需求达到平衡的观点。CHAPTER 5Elasticity and Its Ap

21、plicationElasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants 弹性：衡量需求量或供给量对其某种决定因素的变动的反应程度的指标。Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, comp

22、uted as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price需求价格弹性：衡量一种物品需求量对其价格变动反应程度的指标，用需求量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比来计算。Total revenue: the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold总收益：一种物品的买者支付从而卖者得到的量，用

23、该物品的价格乘以销售量来计算。Income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income 需求收入弹性：衡量一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动反应程度的指标，用需求量变动百分比除以收入变动百分比来计算。Cross-pr

24、ice elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in price of the second good 需求的交叉价格弹性，衡量一种物品需求量，对另一种物品价格变动的反应

25、程度的指标，用第1种物品需求量变动百分比除以第2种物品价格变动百分比来计算。Price elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price供给价格弹性：衡量一种物品供给量对其价格变动反应程度的指标，用供给量变动

26、百分比除以价格变动百分比来计算。CHAPTER 6Supply, Demand, and Government PoliciesPrice ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold 价格上限，出售一种物品的法定最高价格。Price floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold价格下限，出售一种物品的法定最低价格。Tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is

27、 shared among participants in a market税收归宿，税收负担在市场参与者之间进行分配的方式。CHAPTER 7Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of MarketsWelfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being福利经济学：研究资源配置如何影响经济福利的一门学问Willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay

28、for a good支付意愿：买者愿意为某种物品支付的最高量Consumer surplus: the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it消费者剩余：买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其为此实际支付的量。Cost: the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good 成本：卖者为了生产一种物品而必须放弃的所有东西的价值。Producer surplus: the amount

29、a seller is paid for a good minus the sellers cost of providing it生产者剩余：卖者出售一种物品得到的量减去其生产成本Efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society 效率：资源配置是社会所有成员得到的总剩余最大化的性质Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniform

30、ly among the members of society平等：在社会成员中平均的分配经济成果的性质。CHAPTER 8Application: The Costs of TaxationDeadweight loss: the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax无谓损失：市场扭曲(例如税收)引起的总剩余减少CHAPTER 9Application: InternationalTradeWorld price: the price of a good that prevails

31、 in the world market for that good世界价格:一种物品在世界市场上通行的价格。Tariff: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically关税:对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的一种税。CHAPTER 10ExternalitiesExternality: the uncompensated impact of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystander外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的无补偿的影响Internalizing the ext

32、ernality: altering incentives so that people take into account the external effects of their actions外在性内部化：改变激励，以使人们考虑到自己行为的外部效应Corrective tax: a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take into account the social costs that arise from a negative externality矫正税：旨在引导私人决策者考虑负外部性引起的社会成本的税收Coase theorem: the proposition that if private parties can bargain without c