初中英语语法全解非谓语动词.docx

1、初中英语语法全解非谓语动词初中英语语法全解非谓语动词一、动词不定式动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，可在句中充当多种成分。1.形式与特征 形式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to,这里的to是不定式符号，本身无词义;动词不定式的否定形式是“not+(to) +动词原形”。 I hope to see you soon. Students should be allowed to make their own decisions. 特征 不定式没有人称和数的变化，但它仍然保留动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。 You could ask hospital to let yo

2、u visit the kids and cheer them up. They dont allow him to practice running at night.2.句法功能 不定式具有名词形容词和副词的特征，在句中T以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语和状语等。作主语 动词不定式作主语，相当于名词或代词的作用。词不定式作主语常用形式主语it替代，而把不定式置于句末。To learn English well is not easy.( =It is not easy to learn English well. )Its good to relax by using the Inte

3、rnet or watching game shows. 作表语不定式作表语表示主语的内容、目的等。His duty today is to clean the blackboard.My wish is to be a reporter.作宾语不定式只能作一一些及物动词的宾语，般不作介词的宾语。You want to see a doctor about that cough.高频考点不定式作动词find, think的宾语，常用it作形式宾语真正的宾语放在句末。1 thought it best to call first.作宾语补足语(1)大多数及物动词后要用带to的不定式作宾语补足语。

4、常见的这类动词有ask , tell, invite, like,hate, want, teach, know, understand , order , would like等。Lets ask them to have dinner with us some time.(2)在表示感官使役等意义的动词后，要用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。常见的这类动词有feel,hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, notice, make, let, have等。但是,在被动语态中，就不能省略to。She heard Tom go upstairs.Let Joh

5、nny have a go on the computer now.The workers are made to wok 12 hours a day.(3)在动词help之后，不定式作宾补，可以带to,也可以不带to。I helped her (to) carry her cases up the stairs.She helped him (to) choose some new clothes. 疑难辨析不用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有hope，agree,demand.，suggest , insist等。误I hope you to come earlier.正I hope you

6、come earlier.作定语 不定式作定语可以用来修饰人或物，须放在被修饰词之后。（1）被修饰的词与不定式有逻辑 上的主动关系。It is said that a Chinese ruler called Shen Nong was the fist to discover tea as a drink.（2）不定式与它所修饰的词有逻辑上的被动关系。 I had nothing to eat this morning.重点拓展在逻辑被动关系中，如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后应加上适当的介词。 With his help，you will have nothing to worry ab

7、out.有了他的帮助，你将不会有任何担忧。 She wants a big house to live in. 她想住大房子。（3）不定式说明它所修饰的名词或代词的内容。不定式与被修饰词之间是同位关系。 What a pity! And we will have no chance to go there.作状语不定式作状语表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。He tried to control his voice.（目的状语）John will be so happy to see you.(原因状语) 1 hurried to the playground only to find nobod

8、y here(结果状语)3疑问词+不定式疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词how, when, where, why等可以与不定式一起构成不定式短语。这种“疑问词+不定式”结构在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语等。1.作主语When to leave for London has not yet been decided.2.作宾语（1）“疑问词+不定式”结构常作动词tell,show.teach, learn, know, discuss, remember, forget, find out，wonder等的宾语。Ill teach you how to tie your

9、 shoes. I dont believe what he says.（2）“疑问词+不定式”结构也作介词的宾语。Write a etter to your pen pal to give him/ her adviceand suggestions on how to behave properly in China.写一封信给你的笔友就他(或她)在中国如何行为得体提出意见和建议。 (人教9-10)3.作表语My question is where to find the answer.我的问题是在哪里能找到答案。4.作宾语补足语He is not sure who to choose.他

10、确定不了选谁。5.作同位语She had no idea which book to read first.她不知道先读哪本书。高频考点1.“疑问词+不定式”构成的短语在句中作“名词”用时，可以改写成相应的从句。 I could not decide which dress to buy. =I could not decide which dress I should buy.我不能决定我应该买哪条裙子。2.“疑问词+不定式”结构中,疑问代词后必须接及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语(who,which除外)。 她不知道要讨论什么。 (误She doesnt know what to talk.

11、 (正She doesnt know what to talk about. 但可以说:They havent decided who ( which) to go.他们还没决定谁(哪个)去。3.“疑问词+不定式”结构中，疑问副词后要接不及物动词;若接及物动词，动词后要有宾语。 Can you tell me when to start? I dont know how to do it.(不能说:I1 dont know how to do.)含不定式的特殊句式（1）Whynot+不带to的不定式.?此句式表示“为什么不. Foryournextvacation,whynotconsider

12、visiting Paris? Whynotjoinus?（2）hadbetter+(not)+不带to的不定式.此句式表示“最好不.” Idbettergoandgetready. Youdbetternotturnoffthelight.（3）wouldrather+不带to的不定式.+than+不带to的不定式.此句式表示“宁愿.也不愿.。 Youwouldalsoratherstayathomeandreadagood bookthangotoaparty. Iwouldrathersingthandance.（4）too.to+动词原形+.此句式表示“.而不能 Irs too ear

13、ly to go to dinner now. Shessilltooupsettotalkaboutit.她仍太烦躁不能谈论这个问题。(朗文)（5）enough.to+动词原形+.此句式表示.足. Theroomsarealllargeenoughtotakeathirdbed.（6）Therebe.tot动词原形+.此句式表示“有.要做” Theresnoeasywaytosolvethisproblem.（7）Its+形容词+of/for+不定式.在这一句型中，of/for引出逻辑主语，带有逻辑主语的不定式称为不定式的复合结构。不定式可以作主语，宾语、表语、定语、状语等。当形容词表示主观

14、态度或感情，描述逻辑主语的性质身份 、特征时，应用 of引出不定式的逻辑主语。此类形容词有kind，good，clever，right，wrong，careful,，polite，brave等。Its kind of you to help me.当形容词表示客观情况，描述不定式的特征、性质时，应用for引出逻辑主语。此类形容词有difficult, easy，hard，important，interesting等。Was it easy for you to find a job?二、动词-ing形式动词-ing形式是另外一种非谓语动词形式，包括动名词和现在分词两种。1.动名词作主语动名词作

15、主语，有时也可以用it作形式主语，而把动名词放在句末。Volunteering here is a dream come true for me.作表语动名词作表语表示主语的内容，而不是主语的性质或者特征。My hobby is collecting old coins.His job is raising chicken.作宾语动名词可以作动词的宾语、介词的宾语。Mom will be back from shopping any minute now.I enjoy watching the game on TV.作定语动名词作定语修饰名词，通常前置，表示该名词所表示的事物用途。 You

16、need computing skills for that job. He moved with his usual lightning speed.2.现在分词现在分词具有形容词和副词的作用，可以在句中作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。作表语现在分词作表语表示主语的性质、特征。这时，现在分词已经完全形容词化了，可以用very, rather等副词修饰，也可以有比较等级。The lecture was really interesting.The movie was boring. 作定语现在分词作定语，表示一个正在进行的主动行为，往往具有形容词的性质，单个的现在分词修饰名词时，常前置。现在

17、分词短语作定语，常常置于被修饰词之后，其作用相当于定语从句。Ive got some very exciting news for you.Did you meet any interesting people?作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语表明宾语的性质、状态或正在进行的行为。Jenny could hear them arguing outside.I hear water running in the bathroom.作状语现在分词作状语表示时间、原因、结果、条件、方式或伴随状态等。While crossing the road ,you must be careful.(时间状语)

18、Being ill,she had to stay in bed.(原因状语)The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.(伴随状语)三、动词-ed形式动词ed形式就是过去分词，它有规则变化和不规则变化两种构成形式。它具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语状语等。在句中可以作定语、表语宾语补足语和状语等。作定语过去分词作定语修饰名词，表示完成被动意义，可以置于名词前，也可以置于于名词后。He had a friend called Mick.作表语 过去分词作表语，表示主语的性质、状态等。 Thestationwascro

19、wdedandLindacouldnt see Davyanywhere. Idbeveryinterestedtohearyouropinion. Hesexcitedabouthisnewjob.作宾语补足语 过去分词作宾语补足语，修饰说明宾语的性质或被动、完成意义。 Youmustkeepyoureyesshutforjustaminute. Youshouldhaveyourhaircut. CanyoumakeyourselfunderstoodinEnglish?作状语 过去分词作状语，表示时间，原因、条件、方式、伴随等。 Deeplymovedbythestory,weallcr

20、ied.(原因状语) Thedoctorcamein，followedbyseveralnurses.(伴随状语)4、非谓语动词的用法区别动词不定式和动名词作主语时的区别动词不定式和动名词都可以作主语，用法上没有大的差异。Its bad for your eyes to watch TV too much.Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.动词不定式和动名词作宾语时的区别有些动词后只接不定式作宾语，有些动词后只接动名词作宾语，而有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接动名词作宾语。（1）动词hope，wish，offer，decide，learn，r

21、efuse，promise，expect，dare，plan，manage，agree，would like等之后，只能接不定式作宾语。He is learning to dance.I was about to go up when I decided to get a coffee first.（2）动词及短语enjoy，finish，mind，keep ( on)，practice，suggest，miss，consider，avoid，advise，give up，cant help，put off.，be used to，look forward to等之后，只能接动名词作宾语。Tr

22、acey suggested meeting for a drink after work .My mother finished making the apple pie.Does she enjoy staying with her host family?I dont mind doing chores. （3）动词like, love，hate，begin, start等之后，既可以接不定式作宾语,也可以接动名词作宾语，而且意义没有多大区别。I hate to do chores.I hate shopping. Hedoesntlikeaskinghisparentsforhelp.

23、（4）动词forget，remember，try，goon，mean等之后，既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，但意义差别很大。A. forgettodosth.与forgetdoingsth. forgettodosth.表示“忘记要去做某事”，而forgetdoingsth.表示“忘记做过某事”。 Dontforgettobringyourfriends! Iwillneverforgetmeetingherinthestreet.B. remembertodosth.与rememberdoingsth. remembertodosth.表示“记住要做某事”，而re-memberd

24、oingsth.表示“记得做过某事”。 RemembertotakeyourP.E.clothestoschool. Herememberedmeetingheratapartyonce. Irememberbeingavolunteer.C. trytodosth.与trydoingsth. trytodosth.表示“设法或努力去做某事”，而try doingsth,表示“尝试着做某事”。 TheydecidedtheywouldtrylivinginAmericaforawhile. Shewastryingnottocry. You cantryplayingnewgamesonlin

25、e.D. goontodosth.与goondoingsth. goontodosth.表示“继续做另外的一件事”，而go ondoingsth.表示“继续做未做完的事”。 Afterwefinishthisexercise,wellgoontodosome otherexercises. Goonreadingthetextunlesstheteachertellsyouto stop.E. meantodosth.与meandoingsth. meantodosth.表示“打算做某事”，而meandoing sth.表示“意味着做某事”。 Imeantolearnaforeignlangu

26、age. Thisusuallymeanswritingaboutyourself.（5）want，need，require后接不定式与动名词的区别。 当作“需要”讲时，后接动名词主动式等于不定式的被动式。 Thisbikeneedsrepairing(=toberepaired). Theroomwantscleaning(=tobecleaned).疑难辨析stopdoingsth.与stoptodosth.的区别stopdoingsth.是stop后接动名词作宾语，意为“停止做某事”，而stoptodosth.是stop后接不定式作目的状语,意为“停下来去做另外的事” Stopwriti

27、ngandputyourpensdown. Youareworkingallthemorning.Pleasestoptohave arest.动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和动词-ed形式作表语时的区别1.动词不定式和动名词作表语区别不大，可以通用。 Histaskiscleaningthewindows(=tocleanthewindows)2.现在分词作表语是表明主语的性质的，不能用不定式替代。 Thenewsisveryencouraging.3.功词ed形式作表语，表示状态，含有被动意味。 Mydaughterisalwaysexcitedwhen1comehome.动词不定式，现在分

28、司和动词-ed形式作宾语补足语时的区别1.省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语一般表示动作的全过程，表明动作已经结束;而现在分词作宾语补足语强调动作的延续性，表示动作正在进行，更具有描绘性。 Isawhimcrosstheroad. Isawhimcrossingtheroad.2. 动词-ed形式作宾语补足语表示性质、状态或表示被动。 Ineedtohavemycarrepaired. Wefoundtheschoolgreatlychanged.动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和动词-ed形式作定语时的区别1.动词不定式作定语，只能置于被修饰词之后，往表示未发生的情况。 Wehavemuch wo

29、rk to dotoday2.动名词作定语，常常置于被修饰词之前，表示该名词所表示的事物的用途。 Anewteachingbuildingisbeingbuiltinourschool.3.现在分词作定语，单个的现在分词通常置于被修饰词之前，现在分词短语应置于被修饰词之后，表示正在进行的行为。 Theexcitingnewsspreadquickly. Doyouknowthemanstandingbythewindow?4.动词-ed形式作定语，单个的动词-ed形式通常置于被修饰词之前，动词-ed形式短语应置于被修饰词之后，表示被动和完成。 Thefrightenedgirlbegantocry. Mostofthepeopleinvitedtomypartyweremy friends.动词不定式、现在分词和动词-ed形式作状语时的区别1.动词不定式作状语通常表示目的或结果Hesavedmoneyforyearstobuya car.2.现在分词和动词-ed形式作状语通常都可以表示时间、原因条件等。现在分词与句子的主语有逻辑主动关系，而动词-