英语复合句英文版.docx

1、英语复合句英文版Complex SentenceA sentence with one independent clause and one more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. When a complex sentence has more than one independent clause, it is called a compound complex sentence. Before we go into details of complex sentences, let us have a basic unde

2、rstanding the following 4 types of sentences:1. Simple sentence2. Compound sentence3. Complex sentence4. Compound complex sentenceLet us understand the above 4 types of sentences with the following examples:1. Jack bought a car.2. Ricky was a brilliant student and he passed the exam easily.3. John d

3、id not go to school yesterday since he was sick.4. James ran fast but he could not win the race because his start was late.1.Jack bought a car.Look at the first sentence which has only one subject and one predicate (predkt) and makes a complete sense by itself. Such a sentence is called a simple sen

4、tence.2.Ricky was a brilliant student and he passed the exam easily.Look at the second sentence. It contains two parts: Ricky was a brilliant student. He passed the exam easily.Note that a coordinating conjunction, and has been used to connect the two parts. Each part contains a subject & a predicat

5、e on its own and each part can stand on its own. Therefore each part is a sentence which is a part of a large sentence. This type of part is called a clause. We can also note that each clause is independent of the other and therefore can be called an independent clause. Thus a sentence such as the 2

6、nd which is made up of two or more independent clauses is called a compound sentence.You need to keep in mind that the coordinating conjunctions used to connect two independent clauses are and, but, for, or, nor, yet & so. Also the punctuation mark semicolon (;) can function as a coordinating conjun

7、ction in some cases.3.John did not did not go to school yesterday since he was sick.Now look at the third sentence, it too has two parts: John did not go to school yesterday. Since he was sick.Here you will understand that the first clause is an independent clause. However the second clause can only

8、 give a complete sense only when you read it along with the first clause. Such a clause is called a dependent clause.Therefore a sentence such as the third which is made up of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence.4.James ran fast but he could not win

9、the race because his start was late.Now look at the fourth sentence, it has 3 parts (or clauses): James ran fast He could not win the race Because his start was lateYou should note that the first two clauses are independent clauses and the third clause is a dependent clause.Thus a sentence such as t

10、he 4th containing two or more independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses is called a compound complex sentence.We have now discussed the different types of sentences containing more than one clause which we identified as independent or dependent clause. In the next page we will discuss m

11、ore about dependent clauses which can be grouped in to 3 sub-categories as noun clauses, adjective clauses and adverb clauses.Clauses of Complex SentenceIn the previous lesson we identified two main types of clauses in a complex sentence. That is, independent (or main) clauses and dependent (or subo

12、rdinate) clauses. Here we are going to analyze the dependent clauses.Dependent clauses can be divided into 03 categories as; Noun clauses Adjective clauses Adverb clausesLet us discuss each of the clauses, which is important in order to thoroughly understand the complex sentence structures.1. Noun c

13、lausesA noun clause is a group of words which contains a subject & a predicate of its own and does the work of a noun.Lets see the following examples with special attention to the parts in italics:1. I expect to win the race.2. I expect that I shall win the race.3. That you had met him before makes

14、me surprised.The first group of words, to win the race, does not contain a subject and a predicate of its own. It is therefore a phrase. This phrase is the object of the verb, win and thus it does the work of a noun. Thus it is called a noun phrase.The second group of words, that I shall win the rac

15、e, has a subject and a predicate of its own. It is therefore a clause. This clause is the object of the verb, expect, and does the work of a noun. Therefore it is called a noun clause.The third group of words, that you had met him before, is the subject of the verb makes. Therefore it is also a noun

16、 clause.2. Adjective clausesAn adjective clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of an adjective.Lets see the following examples with special attention to the parts in italics:1. The bag with a red apple logo is mine2. The bag which has a red

17、apple logo is mine.The first group of words, with a red apple logo, describes the bag and thus does the work of an adjective. But it has no subject and a verb of its own. It is therefore an adjective phrase.The second group of words, which has a red apple logo, also describes the bad and it has a su

18、bject and a predicate of its own. It is therefore called an adjective clause.3. Adverb clausesAn adjective clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of an adverb.Lets see the following examples with special attention to the parts in italics:1. J

19、ohn stopped working in the evening (When?)2. John stopped working when the evening came (When?)You will notice that the both groups of words do the work of an adverb as they modify the verb, stopped. The first group of words, in the evening, is an adverb phrase since it has no subject and predicate

20、of its own.However the second group of words, when the evening came, has a subject and a predicate on its own and it is therefore called an adverb clause.Noun Clauses in Complex SentenceWe have seen that a noun clause is a type of dependent clauses which does the work of a noun in a complex sentence

21、.Since a noun clause does the work of a noun in a complex sentence, it can be:1. The subject of a verb.2. The object of a transitive verb.3. The object of a preposition.4. In apposition to a noun or pronoun.5. The complement of a verb of incomplete prediction.In each of the following complex sentenc

22、es, the noun clause is the subject of the verb: How he could assist me was his concern. Whether we can start next week seems uncertain. That you did so surprises me. What I said was true. When he will return is uncertain. Why Anne hung herself is mystery.In each of the following complex sentences, t

23、he noun clause is the object of a transitive verb: Please tell me why you did this. I do not know when she will return. I cannot tell what has become of him. I asked the man how old he was. He says that he wont leave. I hoped that it was not true. She denied that she met him yesterday. Tell me where

24、 you like to live. Nobody knows who he is. Ask if he is at office.In each of the following complex sentences, the noun clause is the object of a preposition: There were no complaints except that the start was bit too late. Pay attention to what I am now going to say. There is no meaning in what you

25、said.In each of the following complex sentences, the noun clause is in apposition to a Noun or Pronoun: You shall never forget this, that honesty is the best policy. It was unfortunate that you were sick that day. Her confession that you found the money in the street will not be believed. His belief

26、 that some day he would succeed made him determined. It is feared that they will not return.In each of the following Complex sentences, the noun clause is used as the complement (kmplimnt) of a verb of in complete predication: Her constant belief was that the infant might live. My wish is that I may

27、 please you. His great fear is that he may not succeed. My belief is that she will not come. Life is what we make it. This is where I live.A clause coming after a construction consisting of an intransitive verb (particularly the verb to be) and an adjective does the work of noun and is, therefore, t

28、reated as a noun clause.In each the following complex sentences, the noun clause comes after an intransitive verb construction: The sick man was sure that he would recover someday. The boy was afraid that he would fall down. All of us are so keen that you should succeed. They felt very sorry that th

29、ey lost the match at the end.From the above examples it will be seen that a noun clause is generally introduced by the subordinating Conjunction that. Sometimes, however, the conjunction that is omitted; as,I know (that) you did it.Sometimes, instead of a noun clause introduced by that, the accusati

30、ve with the infinitive is used. He thought that he was safe there. He thought himself to be safe there. I believed that he was a true friend. I believed him to be a true friend. This proved that the man had stolen the horse. This proved the man to have stolen the horse. We know that Rama is alive. W

31、e know Rama to be alive.Adjective Clauses in Complex SentenceAs we have seen, an adjective clause in a complex sentence is a type of dependent clauses which does the work of an adjective and so qualifies some noun or pronoun in the independent clause.An adjective clause is introduced by a relative p

32、ronoun or by a relative adverb; as, Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. He is the man whom we all respect. The time when the boat leaves is not yet fixed. The house where the accident occurred is nearby. The reason why I did it is obvious.Sometimes, however, a relative pronoun introduces a coordinate clause; as,I met Anne, who (=and he) gave me th