初中英语语法句子的成分.docx

1、初中英语语法句子的成分初中英语语法句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫作句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。其中主语和谓语是句子的主体，表语、宾语和宾语 补足语是谓语的组成部分，其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。1）主语表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”，通常用名词、代词、数词，不定式，动名词或从句担任。主语要放在句首，还可用“It”作形式主语（如主语从句）2）谓语起着说明主语的动作、特征或状态的作用，必须用动词表示。谓语和主语在人称和数两 方面要一致，通常在主语之后。谓语可分为两大类：简单谓语和复合谓语。凡是由一个动词或短语动词构成的谓语

2、，不管什么时态，语态，语气，都是简单谓语。复合谓语一般由两部分构成：一是带不定式的复合结构；一是带表语的复合谓语。3）表语用于说明主语的性质、特征、身份或状态，可以由名词、代词，数词，形容词、副词、介词，介词短语，不定式，动词的ed形式或动词的ing形式或从句来担任，表语要放在连系动词之后。4）宾语是及物动词所示动作的对象或介词的对象，由名词、代词、数词，名词化的形容词，名词化的分词，不定式，动名词，从句都可以担任作宾语。宾语要放在谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。某些及物动词之后要求有双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语)， 直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。这一类动词有：bring, give, pass

3、,tell, hand, show, s end, read, leave, teach, find, buy, make, do, get, order, play, sing, pay等。要放在谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。在需要的情况下，间接宾语也可以位于直接宾语之后，但此时间接宾语之前需要加介词“ to”或“for”。有些及物动词的后面，其宾语还需要有一个补足语，才能表达完整的意思。这样的宾语和 宾语补足语称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、不定式或介词短语都可以作宾语补足语。5）状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方 式、程度等。状语一般由副词、介

4、词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式，形容词短 语。名词短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。6）定语用于修饰名词或代词。可以担任定语的有形容词、代词、名词、数词、名词所有格、副 词、不定式、分词和分词短语、介词短语及从句等等。定语的位置很灵活，凡有名词和代词 的地方都可以有定语。7）同位语是对句子的某一成分作进一步解释，说明，与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位。同位语常常置于被说明的词的后面。可以作同位语的有名词，代词，数词和从句等。8）句子成分巧划分 ：主在前，谓在中，宾语、状语后面冲。短语定语主宾后，形、代定语主宾前。间宾直宾紧相依，直、间之间to、for连，宾补位于宾语后，地状常

5、在时状前。第一讲 主语【语法讲解】 主语的位置通常在句首，一般不省略。它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是谓语动词所表示动作的发出者。例如：1) The question is difficult.2) She is difficult to understand.3) 9483276105 is difficult to remember.4) To understand his words is difficult.5) Thinking in such a noise is difficult.6) That they will leave ahead of time is difficult

6、.上述的六个例句分别说明了主语的位置、特点及能够担当主语的成分。可以担当主语的有名词（例如1）、代词（例如2）、数词（例如3）、动词不定式（例如4）、动名词（例如5）和主语从句（例如6）。1名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称:2代词是用来指代的词。能用来做主语的人称代词有3数词是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。4动词不定式为非谓语动词的一种形式，形式为动词不定式符号to加动词原形，即to do（do代表所有动词）。当动词不定式做主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，而用it做形式主语放在谓语动词的前面。例如上述例句4还可以改写为：It is difficult to understand his w

7、ords.其中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to understand his words.5动名词为非谓语动词的另一种形式，形式为动词原形加词尾-ing构成，即doing （do代表所有动词）。某些结构中，也可以用it做形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语（即动名词放到句尾）。例如It is no use asking her advice.6主语从句指的是在句子中做主语的名词从句。按英语的习惯，有些句子可以把it放在句首做形式主语，而将真正的主语主语从句放在句子的后面。例如It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round

8、the earth.【特别提示】1） 祈使句的主语（you）经常省略；如：（You）Open the door, please. 2） 动名词，不定式和从句做主语时，谓语动词为单数。如上述例句中的4、5、6。【强化练习】判断下列各句的主语的位置及性质：1) Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.2) He is very strict.3) What they want is money.4) Even a child can do it.5) It is kind of you to say you li

9、ke it.6) It is still a question whether she will join us.7) 1000 miles is a long distance.8) It is no use asking her advice.9) The milk remains fresh for a week.10)To take care of so many children is not an easy job.【练习解析】1)主语是动名词短语Reading aloud；2)主语是代词He；3)主语是主语从句What they want；4)主语是名词a child；5)it是

10、形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to say you like it；6)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句whether she will join us；7)主语是数词1000 miles；8)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词短语asking her advice；9)主语是名词The milk；10)主语是不定式To take care of so many children。【巩固练习】（四）按照上述讲解对主语进行判断和分析。1)Most adults would disagree with this statement.2)It is known that bone

11、s, muscles and nerves develop faster in baby girls.3)To tell the difference between the two is not so easy.4)For some of us, having a family simply means having children.5)Successful language learners are learners with a purpose.6)What is accepted as true is often relatively, and not absolutely, tru

12、e.7)They are the hardest substance found in nature.8)4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467, 13, 63.9)The movie was said to be very interesting.10)Its a great honor to be invited to your country.11)For most adults learning a language is a very difficult task.12)What to do next wil

13、l be discussed at the next meeting.13)Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory.14)Look it up in the dictionary.15)12 is the number of months in the year.16)The waiter understood that he didnt want tea.17)Advertising is only part of th

14、e total sales effort.18)It is useful to know how these principle work.19)The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance.20)Success in life often starts with a job we like.答案1)主语是名词Most adults。2)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that bones, muscles and nerves develop faster in baby girls.。3)主语是不定式To tel

15、l the difference between the two 。4)主语是动名词短语having a family 。5)主语是名词Successful language learners。6)主语是主语从句What is accepted as true 。7)主语是动词They。8)主语是数词4671363 。9)主语是名词The movie 。10)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式 to be invited to your country.11)主语是动名词短语 learning a language 。12)主语是动词不定式短语What to do next 。13)

16、it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory.14)祈使句，主语you被省略了。15)主语是数词12。16)主语是名词The waiter 。17)主语是动名词Advertising。18)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语to know how these principle work.19)主语是名词短语The solutions to real problems 。20)主语是名词短语Success in life 。第二讲 谓语（一）时态 (Tens

17、e)一、现在时【语法讲解】 汉语里，动词没有时态的变化，而是使用时间副词或助词来表示不同的时间或事件的进程或状态。例如，1）我每天步行上班。2）妈妈正在看书。3）他已经病了三天了。4）小强从上课开始一直在说话。而英语的时态主要体现在动词的变化上。所有的动作和状态从时间上看，都可以分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来，其中现在时里的四个时态是理解过去、将来和过去将来时间里的时态的关键。现在时（以动词do为例）1.经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态；2. 客观事实或普遍真理现在进行时be doing1.现在正在进行的动作现在完成时have/has done1.过去开始并持续到现在；2.过去发生的动作但对现

18、在仍留下某种后果和影响现在完成进行时 have/has been doing从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作（中间基本无停顿），并且很可能将继续进行下去根据表中所述内容，上面列举的四个汉语的例句与相应的英语译文对比如下：时态 汉语 英语一般现在时 我每天步行上班。 I walk to work everyday.现在进行时 妈妈正在看书。 My mother is reading.现在完成时 他已经病了三天了。 He has been ill for 3 days.现在完成进行时 他从上课开始一直在说话。He has been talking since the beginning of

19、 the class.【强化练习】判断下列句子的时态1)The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2)Mary is doing her homework.3)My mother has been ill for three days.4)I have been looking for you everywhere.5)They are discussing how to sell the goods elsewhere.6)My mother works at the same company as my father.7)She has

20、been waiting for her boss for almost an hour.8)I have not seen her since 1991.9)Japan lies to the east of China.10)What are you doing?【练习解析】1)一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数the sun，所以两个动词rise和set的词尾都加上了-s；2)现在进行时，主语Mary是第三人称单数，所以be动词采用的是is；3)现在完成时，主语my mother是第三人称单数，所以助动词have采用的是has；4)现在完成进行时，主语为第一人称；5)现在进行时，主语they

21、是复数，所以be动词采用的是are；6)一般现在时，主语my mother是第三人称单数，所以动词work的词尾加上了-s；7)现在完成进行时，主语she是第三人称单数，所以助动词have采用的是has；8)现在完成时，主语为第一人称；9)一般现在时，主语Japan是第三人称单数，所以动词lie的词尾加上了-s；10)现在进行时，主语为第二人称。【巩固练习】（五）1. 判断下列各句的时态：1)We have been living here for 20 years already.2)He is reading outside.3)He has just come back.4)Light

22、travels faster than sound.5)I have studied English since I was ten.6) She studies very hard.7)Its been snowing.8)The teacher is talking with his students.9)We go there once a week.10)Weve been waiting for you.2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空1)I _ (look) for my book all the morning.2)Tom _ (sing) well. He _ (sing) a

23、 song now.3)I cannot go out because I _ (not, finish) my homework.4)He can speak two foreign languages. Now he _ (learn) a third one.5)He usually _ (drink) coffee but today he _ (drink) tea.6)Mary _ (pass) all her examinations. Lets have a party and celebrate it.7)You _ (speak) too fast. I can not u

24、nderstand you.8)He _ (sleep) since ten oclock. Its time for him to get up.9)My daughter _(watch) TV every other day.10)I _ (not, see) him for three years.【巩固练习】（五）答案1. 判断下列各句的时态：1)现在完成进行时；2)现在进行时；3)现在完成时；4)一般现在时；5)现在完成时；6)一般现在时；7)现在完成进行时；8)现在进行时；9)一般现在时；10)现在完成进行时。2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空1) have been lookin

25、g；2) sings / is singing；3) have not finished；4) is learning；5) drinks / is drinking；6) has passed；7) have spoken；8) has been sleeping；9) watches；10) have not seen。二、过去时【语法讲解】 相对于现在时，过去时就是将事件发生的时间向过去推移。下面将现在时和过去时进行对比：过去时（以do为例）一般式 did （动词过去式） 过去某时发生的动作或状态进行式 was/ were doing 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作完成式 had done（

26、动词过去分词）1.过去某个时间或某个动作之前就已经完成的动作；2.过去某个时间开始延续到过去另一个时间的动作过去完成进行式 had been doing 过去某个时间以前开始并延续到过去这个时间的动作【特别提醒】动词过去式和过去分词的规则变化为在动词后面直接加-ed，而不规则变化则需要特殊记忆。【强化练习】判断下列句子中黑体字部分的时态1)He said that he had written her a letter.2)He lived in London when he was young.3)The telephone had been ringing for three minute

27、s before somebody answered it.4)I was doing my homework when he called me.5)I went to school at six.6)He often came to help me at that time.7)Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year.8)When I saw her, she was working at the computer.9)We were surprised at what sh

28、e had done.10) I waited until he had finished his work.【强化练习】判断下列句子中黑体字部分的时态1)He said that he had written her a letter.2)He lived in London when he was young.3)The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before somebody answered it.4)I was doing my homework when he called me.5)I went to school

29、at six.6)He often came to help me at that time.7)Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year.8)When I saw her, she was working at the computer.9)We were surprised at what she had done.10)I waited until he had finished his work.【练习解析】1)过去完成时，had written表明在said这个过去的动作

30、之前就已经结束的动作；2)一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；3)过去完成进行时，表明过去开始并延续到somebody answered it这个时间的动作；4)过去进行时，表明在he called me这一时刻正在发生的动作；5)一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；6)一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；7)过去完成进行时，表明过去开始并延续到he decided 这个时间的动作；8)过去进行时，表明在I saw her这一时刻正在发生的动作；9)一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；10)过去完成时，had finished表明在waited这个过去的动作之前就已经结束的动作。【巩固练习】（六）1. 判断下

31、列各句的时态：1)We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.2)I was writing a paper in the library at 3 yesterday afternoon.3)The train had left before we got to the station.4)He was here just now.5)She bought the bike two years ago.6)The old man had been ill for a long time before he died in 1983.7)I saw him yesterday.8)It had been raining before you came back.9)We were having a meeting when he came in.10)By the end of 1993, this factory had produced 200000 cars.2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空1)Whe