1、八年级英语人教版下册Unit2知识清单及习题Unit2知识清单及习题一、必记单词cheer v. 欢呼;喝彩 volunteer v. 义务做;自愿做n志愿者 lonely adj,孤独的;寂寞的 several pron几个,数个,一些 satisfaction n满足;满意 raise v. 募集;征集alone adv 独自;单独 difficulty n困难难题 imagine v,想象;设想excited adj激动的兴奋的 sign n. 标志,信号 strong adj.强烈的,强壮的notice n.通知,通告,注意 v.注意到,意识到 feeling n. 感觉,感触joy
2、n. 高兴,愉快 owner n.物主,主人 journey n. (尤指长途)旅行,行程repair v. 修理,修补 fix v. 修理,安装 broken adj. 破损的,残缺的wheel n. 车轮,轮子 letter n. 信函 Miss n. 女士,小姐disabled adj. 丧失能力的,有残疾的 blind adj. 瞎的,失明的deaf adj. 聋的 carry v.拿,提,扛 train v.训练,培训training n.训练,培训 kindness n. 仁慈,善良 clever adj.聪明的,聪颖的understand v. 理解,领会 change v&n.
3、 变化,改变 interest n.兴趣,关注 v. 使感兴趣,使关注 sir n.先生 madam n.夫人,女士二、常考短语clean up打扫(或清除)干净 cheer up(使)变得更高兴;振奋起来give out分发;散发 come up with想出提出(主意、计划、回答等)put off 推迟 hand out分发call up打电话给(某人);征召 used to曾经“;过去care for照顾;非常喜欢 try out参加选拔;试用fix up修理;装饰 give away赠送;捐赠take after(外貌或行为)像 set up建起;设立make a difference
4、影响;有作用 put up张贴;搭建;举起 help out帮助摆脱困境 give up放弃 come true实现 run out of用尽;耗尽be similar to与相似 volunteer to do sth 自愿做某事need to do sth需要做某事 make plans to do sth制订计划做某事ask sb(not) to do sth要求某人(不要)做某事 used to do sth过去常常做某事give up时间 to do sth腾出时间做某事 get a feeling of.产生的感觉decide to do sth决定做某事 help sb(to)
5、do sth帮助某人做某事make a difference to对产生影响 make it possible for sb to do sth使得做某事对某人来说成为可能三、经典句型1.You could help to clean up the city parksA(9)你可以帮助打扫城市公园。(1)could意为“能;可以”,其后接动词原形,可以用于提出建议,语气比can委婉。You could walk to the park你可以步行去公园。拓展: could表示过去的能力时,是can的过去式。He could swim when he was five years old他5岁的
6、时候就会游泳。(2)clean up意为“打扫(或清除)干净”,是”动词十副词”结构的短语,后面跟名词作宾语时,名词放在up前后均可;跟人称代词作宾语时,人称代词应当放在up前面He often helps his parents clean up their room on weekends.他周末经常帮助父母打扫房间Your room is dirty You should clean it up你的房间脏了。你应该把它打扫干净。【拓展】 cleanup用作名词,意为“打扫;清洁”We must give our classroom a good cleanup我们必须把教室好好打扫一下。
7、2.We need to come up with a plan to tell people about the city park clean up.我们需要想出一个计划来告诉人们关于打扫城市公园的事3.Id like to help homeless people我想帮助无家可归的人四、重点语法1.短语动词例句1. We need to come up with a plan to tell people about the city park clean-up.2 We can t put off making a plan3 We could put up signs4 Then I
8、ll hand them out after school 以上句子中的 come up with, put off, put up, hand out都是短语动词,动词与其他一些词构成的起动词作用的短语称为短语动词。短语动词的结构可分为以下六种基本类型1)动词十副词这种结构的短语动词可作及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词的短语动词,如果宾语为名词,名词位于副词的前面或后面皆可;如果宾语为代词,代词要位于副词的前面(放中间)。常用的此类副词有 away, out, off,up,down,back,in, along等,如:cheer up(振奋起来) clean up(打扫干净)put up
9、(张贴) fix up(修理) give away(赠送) give out(分发) use up(用完) hand in(上交) put off(推迟) pick up(捡起) think over(仔细考虑) turn down(调低) get up(起床) start off(出发); look out(当心)。Could you turn down the music, pleases? She picked the pen up and gave it back to me. 2)动词十介词动词与介词构成的短语在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是位于介词的后面,常见的此类介词有for
10、, about,of, after,from,into,to,with,at等。如: look after(照顾) belong to(属于) take after(像) hear from(收到的来信) hear of(听说);send for(派人去请) pay for(赔偿) wait for(等待) care for(照顾;非常喜欢); laugh at(嘲笑) worry about(担心) listen to(听) look at(看); agree with(同意)。3)动词十副词十介词在这类短语动词中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,已成为一体,词义上相当于一个及物动词,所带的宾语总
11、是位于介词之后。如: run out of(用光); get out of(离开);come up with(想出); catch up with(赶上) look forward to(盼望); go on with(继续)。4)动词十名词这类短语动词中常见的动词有have,take,give,make等。如: have a rest(休息一下); take a walk(散步); make mistakes(犯错) have a try(试一下); take place(发生); tell a lie(撒谎)5)动词十名词介词这类短语动词只用作及物动词,名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位
12、于介词之后。如: have a look at(看一看); make friends with(与交朋友); have a drink of(喝一口); pay attention to(注意); make fun of(取笑); take care of(照顾)。You should pay attention to your teacher in class.6)be形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)介词这类短语动词也相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词的后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义。如: be late for(迟到); be busy with(忙于) be worried about(担心)
13、; be fond of(喜爱) be good at(擅长) be goodbad for(对有益有害): be short of(缺乏);be similar to与相似) be strict with(对严格要求); be proud of(为骄做) be different from(与不同)。Eating more vegetables and fruit is good for your health.练习题:1.1ook!Whats on the ground? -Oh, its my sweater. Please_.A pick it up B put it on C. gi
14、ve it out D take it off2.Mom, can I leave my homework for tomorrow? Im afraid not. Don t_what you can do today till tomorrow. A. put on B put down C put up D. put off3. My best friend Mario failed in the math competition. Id like to_.A dress him up B pick him up C cheer him up D take him up4. - The
15、girl _ all her pocket money to the people whose houses were destroyed by the earthquake in Ludian What a kind girl! A took away B gave up C gave away D put away2.动词不定式1. Id like to help homeless people2. You could ask hospitals to let you visit the kids and cheer them up.3. She volunteers there once
16、 a week to help kids learn to read.第一个句子中,动词不定式短语 to help homeless people作 would like 的宾语;第二个句子中,动词不定式短语作ask的宾语补足语;第三个句子中, to help kids learn to read作目的状语动词不定式的形式是to动词原形”,但有时不带to。其否定形式是在to前加not,即“ not to动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能作谓语。1动词不定式的常见用法(1)动词不定式作宾语;后面常跟动词不定式作宾语的动词(词组)有:want,hope, begin, learn
17、,try, decide,forget, remember, like, love, expect, agree, refuse, wish, plan, afford, choose, would like,need, start 等He began to learn English at the age of four 有的及物动词要求跟复合宾语(即宾语十宾语补足语)。如果其中的宾语是动词不定式短语,必须将形式宾语it放在宾语的位置上,而将动词不定式短语(真正的宾语)放在宾语补足语之后。I find it useful to learn English well(2)动词不定式作宾语补足语
18、;后面常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask, tell, want, expect,like,wish, would like等 He asked me to talk about English study(3)动词不定式作主语:To master a language is not an easy thing.动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面,而用it作形式主语放在原主语的位置上Its necessary to find the witness(4)动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面 I have nothing to say on this quest
19、ion.(5)动词不定式作状语动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性,可在句中作状语。1)放在句首或句尾表示目的等。To catch the train, he got up early. =He got up early to catch the train. 为了赶火车,他早早地起床了。2)跟在作表语的形容词或过去分词的后面,作原因状语。 Im sorry to hear that听到那件事我很难过3)用在tooto结构中,作结果状语。He is too young to understand all that. 他太年轻了,不能理解那一切。动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which,when
20、, where,how等连用。I dont know what to do next我不知道接下来该做什么2不定式不带to的情况(1)在固定词组 had better之后,注意: had better do sth的否定形式是 had better not do sthYou had better go home now你最好现在回家Its cold outside You d better not go out外面很冷,你最好不要出去(2)在使役动词let,make,have或感官动词see,feel, watch, notice,hear等后面作宾语补足语时,不带to。I made the
21、m give me the money back我迫使他们把钱还给了我。I didnt see you come in我没看见你进来(3)在引导疑问句的 why not之后“Why not不带to的不定式?”与 Why don t you do?同义,可以用来提出建议或劝告Why not go with us?为什么不和我们一起去呢?Why not take a holiday? =Why dont you take a holiday?为什么不休个假呢?(4)动词不定式在help后作宾语补足语时,可带to也可不带toCould you help me(to) carry the heavy
22、box?你能帮我这个重箱子吗?练习题:1. When you leave, please turn off the lights_energy A. save B. to save C. saving D. saved2. -Mary is very generous. -Yes, she gave away all her money she owned_people in need.A. to help B, to helping C helped D helping3. He made us_by making faces. A to laughB laughingC. laughD l
23、aughed五、要点全解1. The boy could give out food at the food bankA(9)这个男孩可以在食品救济站分发食give out意为“散发;分发”,相当于 hand out是“动词十副词”结构的短语Can you give the drinks out, please?请你分发一下饮料好吗?【拓展】 give out的其他含义:(1)为“发出(光、热、声音、气味等)”。The sun gives out light and heat to the earth太阳给地球以光和热(2)意为“用完,耗尽” Our supplies began to giv
24、e out我们的补给要用完了。2.Lets make some notices, too.A(10) 咱们也制作一些布告吧。notice此处用作可数名词,意为“通知;通告;布告”。There is a notice on the wall, saying “No Parking.I ll put up a notice about the meeting. 【拓展】 notice作动词,意为“注意到;意识到”。其常见用法有 notice sb do doing sth注意到某人做了正在做某事Did you notice Jack come in?你注意到杰克进来了吗?I didnt notic
25、e you carrying a box when you came in.你进来时我没注意到你扛着一个箱子。 noticethat从句注意到 I noticed that he left the room我注意到他离开了房间3. They told me stories about the past and how things used to beA(10)他们给我讲过去的生活经历,讲过去是什么样子的。used to在此表示过去一度存在但现在已经消失的某一特定的情形。作这一用法时,used to常与be,have,live,stay, like, love等词连用,表示“曾;曾经”We u
26、sed to be very good friends when we were at school 我们在上学的时候曾是十分要好的朋友I used to live in Hangzhou我曾住在杭州【拓展】 used to还可用来表示“过去常常”做某事,但现在不那样做了。She used to come here every week她过去每周都到这儿来注意:used to的否定结构通常是 didnt use to:在英式英语中也常用 used not to(缩写形式为 usednt to)You didnt to eat chips when you were young你小时候不吃炸薯条
27、 He used not to smoke他过去并不吸烟4. give up several hours each week to help others.A(11) 每周都腾出几个小时的时间去帮助他人。(1) several此处用作形容词,意为“几个;数个;一些”,修饰可数名词复数形式Several days later, Grace went to the library and borrowed some books.几天后,格雷丝去图书馆借了一些书。【拓展】 several作代词,意为“几个;数个” Several of us went there我们中的几个去了那里(2)辨析:eac
28、h与every两者均可表示“每一,每个”,但用法不同each形容词或代词,强调个性,着眼于整体中的个体,Each school has its own library. 每一所学校都有自己的图书馆He gave two to each他给了每人两个every形容词,强调共性,着眼于整体,Every child was dressed in a costume.所有孩子都穿了演出服注意:1)each不能与 almost,nearly及not搭配使用,而 every可以。Almost every window was broken几乎每扇窗户都破了。Not every student went o
29、n holiday并非每个学生都去度假了。2)each不能用于否定句,在否定句中应用none,None of the books are mine没有一本书是我的。5. but I want to learn more about how to care for animalsA(11)但是我想更多地了解如何照顾动物。how to care for animals是“疑问词十动词不定式”结构,在句中作宾语。英语中疑问代词 what, who, which和疑问副词 where,when,why,how等后面接动词不定式构成动词不定式短语,在句中可作主语,宾语、表语等成分。When to sta
30、rt is the key problem何时出发是关健问题。 I didn t decide where to live,我没有决定住在哪儿。The difficulty is how to do more work with less money. 困难在于如何用更少的钱办更多的事注意: “疑问词十动词不定式”结构常用于tell, know, show, learn, teach, explain等后作宾语,此时该结构相当于一个宾语从句,它所表示的动作通常是未发生的动作,所以在转換成宾语从句时,通常加情态动词或用将来时态。He didnt know what to say. =He did
31、nt know what he should say. 他不知道该说什么6.Volunteering here is a dream come true for meA(11)在这里当志愿者对我来说是梦想成真。1)本句是一个动名词作主语的句子,单个的动名词(短语)作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式Eating too much isnt good for you,吃太多对你没有好处2) a dream come true意为“梦想成为现实;梦想成真”,是一种常见的表达方式。come true意为“实现,成为现实”。Ive always wanted to visit Beijing, so going there on vacation next week will be a dream come true for me我一直都想去北京,所以下周去那儿度假对我来说将是梦想成真His dream of
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