science design service.docx

1、science design serviceBuilding Services DesignContemporary constructive technique is absolutely unsuited to this world subject to constant change (PARICIO, I. Proyecto Casa Barcelona, Construmat Barcelona,2001, p.17. Free translation from the Spanish text by authors).The design of installations refe

2、rs here to it being suitably setting up and to its easy subsequent maintenance and not only (obviously) to its aesthetic result.The real open floor in many architectural projects does not lie only in the more or less complex change of partitions, but in the possibility of access to all servicesdeman

3、ded by the users in any location. Therefore, the limit of the real flexibility is the limit of use of the whole installation services in any place of the building.The design of different installations has traditionally constituted an excellent opportunity so that architects participate in the design

4、 of objects of different scale, from lamps to air conditioning ducts integrated in faade, with examples so outstanding as the concept of served and server spaces by Kahn, at the Salk Institute, a concept that in itself generates splendid buildings, fundamental to understanding the contemporary desig

5、n of architecture and installations; or in the same way that Wright built the Larkin building in 1905, where the machinery of the different supply systems with its raceways, ventilation and heating conduits, just as the staircases, that also serve as emergency exit, are arranged in four parts in the

6、 plan, located in the four exterior corners of the building, leaving this way the whole interior surface to be used for jobs ( BROOKS, B. Wright, Taschen, Kln, 2004, p.23. Free translation from the Spanish text by authors).On the other hand, one can point out the interest of underground car parks an

7、d decks as the contemporary architectural elements that show the interdisciplinary nature of the different subjects that make up the construction, its internal order, a reflection of what happens inside the building. Thus, TV aerials, satellite dishes, mobile phones aerials, collective chimneys, ind

8、ividual chimneys, cooling towers, cooling units, air conditioners, the extractors of the car parking ventilation ,the bathrooms and toilets extractors. shape and are part of the urban landscape and of the image of the city. Even when they will remain out of the global design in a building that would

9、 be nothing without them?In certain typologies, such as high-rise buildings or those of great volume, the decision about the laying of installations, the way the main centralizations are raised and the choice of the system for fire evacuation, are the great shapers of the buildings. Thinking about t

10、hese matters generate different typologies, for example the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank by Foster has one centralization per floor; the Parisian Pompidou has two, and the Banco Bilbao by Oza or the Chase Manhattan Bank have four, whereas the Richards building by Kahn has one centralization per tower.W

11、e also have to think that each building typology needs a different outline of thinking. How is a high building air-conditioned? Why are skyscrapers not crowned with a big chimney? Why are these design techniques not used in other buildings? Once again a similarity with the automobile world can be es

12、tablished: in the same way that advances in Formula 1 cars come sooner or later to simpler vehicles, the ideas and advances in control and management of energy reserved for the most sophisticated buildings will be introduced sooner or later in the housing.The architects who have analyzed different n

13、aval and aeronautical references to apply them in architecture have been many, although in some cases it only formal operations were transferred to their project and not intellectual strictness. It is surprising that in a high tonnage ship, where the available space is so tight, machines have what t

14、hey need in their technical rooms to make maintenance easy (without it, the ship-machine does not work) and however in some projects of architecture, installations have to be adjusted to minimum areas, in plan and section, that are designed in this way without really knowing why. The correct design

15、of installations in architecture should be situated at a point of equilibrium and compromise between the virtues of these sophisticated machines(ships, aircraft.), the coordination between the occupancy of areas and the laying of networks of the different installations, and the rest of aesthetic, fu

16、nctional and economic parameters that constitute architecture. It makes no sense, therefore, to talk about hidden or visible installation : each architecture must have i t corresponding design of installations. It is not about different realities that join together to form a building, but different

17、visions of the same object.In addition, we must remember that every machine breaks down and sooner or later it has to be replaced; the useful life of the installations is different from that of the buildings, which is why it is necessary to think about how the machines will be replaced without disru

18、ption inside the building and without bothering its inhabitants. The solution is easy: plan the necessary space for the machines, their maintenance and their replacement.Machines need space and the networks need accessibility, a valid statement both in buildings and at an urban level.To end this sec

19、tion, some questions: When will we have at our disposal in kitchens elements so versatile in-services as the dentists chair with its electricity, water and plumbing intakes? Why are there no solutions similar to the equipment of a hairdressers to evacuate the waters in residential plumbing? How long

20、 will the user stake to demand the same comforts and facility of use and maintenance in their cars and in their homes? Why can the wiring of a car can be modified in minutes and a house needs maybe days and several different tradesmen to simply change the electrical outlets?Fire SafetyAs introductio

21、n quotation instructs, the prevention of fires in buildings is an obsessive concern for humankind, because the fire that heats is the fire that can destroy everything.Not only do the rules of fire protection refer to the installations that must be placed to detect and smother a fire, but also to the

22、 fire resistance of the materials used, the layout of staircase and emergency exits, evacuation routes. they are rules of minimums that always be improved. The measures of fire protection are divided into:- Passives. They are measures directed to facilitate the evacuation of the building (the rules

23、penalize dead ends) and ensure the containment of the fire inside an enclosure until the arrival of the extinction services (requirements of structural and constructive elements fire resistance). These measures also affect other installations. For example, an air pipe can be isolated against fire wh

24、en it goes through different fire areas, with isolation and firebreak doors, but the first measure is to propose a design of pipes in such a way that these always stay in the same fire area.- Actives. They cover the installations of detection (fire detectors, manual push buttons, door retainers, con

25、trol stations.) and the different systems of alarm, signs and extinction (fire extinguisher, hydrant, pumping equipment, f i re hydrant cabinets, sprinklers, extinction by gaseous agents or specific extinction for kitchens). Of these measures, we will now mention a series of points with greater arch

26、itectonic content, which can even go so far as to condition the final shape of the building.- Zoning and fire stability in the formation of volumes and structural framework of the building. At this point, making the proper decisions as regards the materials used and the arrangement of the different

27、fire areas can simplify other solutions of fire protection. For instance, although the rules allow the increase of the area of a sector by placing sprinklers, it works out easier to place fire-resistant sliding doors with retainers at strategic points in order to avoid an excessive complexity of the

28、 installations.- Zoning depending on the building typology. The requirements of evacuation of an office building, an entertainment center or a hospital are not the same. In this last, the horizontal evacuation to other fire areas can be prioritized, and not vertical evacuation, for moving the conval

29、escent patients quickly and safely, in which case, moreover, it is necessary to establish intermediates areas of evacuation that have specific installations (oxygen, vacuum, power points, etc.) in order to take care of the emergency patients until the extinction services come.- Drainage. It is a ins

30、tallation that also must be considered when sector zing a building, because drainage pipes constitute pathways for fire (which risk can be minimized by placing FR rings), a normal circumstance for example in the zoning between a car park with dwellings above, or between damp premises in buildings wi

31、th vertically superimposed areas.- Staircase and evacuation routes. In buildings of a certain magnitude, it is crucial to design the building considering these elements from the first moment. Improving the evacuation of a building through a specially protected staircase with direct ventilation to th

32、e outside, or with ventilation by overpressure, can generate two buildings that, with the same schedule, are formally different, with the added factor that in the latter case demands constant maintenance of an installation that guarantees peoples safety, and this is not so in the former, although ca

33、ring equally for their safety. As a sample of the relationship between different installations, we can state how, in a public building, improvement of fire evacuation by installing more outer doors increases access security in the building, which i s compensated for by the introduction of additional anti-burglar measures (door