澳大利亚历史人物.docx

1、澳大利亚历史人物Prominent peopleof Australian HistoryA selection of people, and iconic legends, of Australian history.Many thousands could be listed here, however, here are a selected few:The Barcaldine strike leadersThe 1891 Shearers Strike, centred around Barcaldine in Queensland, during the depression of

2、 the 1890s, was in response to the pastoralists reaction to falling wool prices of intending to reduce the shearers wages. During the unrest, the colonial administration ordered the arrest of the shearers leaders on charges of sedition and conspiracy. The eventual failure of the strike broke worker

3、militancy战斗性 and led to the formation of a labour political movement to represent the interests of working people.Arthur CalwellBorn 28 August 1896, West Melbourne, VictoriaDied 8 July 1973Arthur Calwell was Australias first Minister for Immigration (1945 to 1949), and later became the leader of the

4、 Australian Labor Party (1960 to 1967). He was the chief architect of Australias post-war immigration scheme, and popularised the slogan populate or perish. Also well-known for his much-misquoted comment Two Wongs dont make a White. His immigration program co-incided with a period when Australian in

5、dustry was growing rapidly and suffering from shortages of skilled and semi-skilled labour. Although he was an advocate for the White Australia Policy, it is interesting to note that Calwell spoke Chinese and had a great respect for Asian cultures.See:Arthur CalwellSee:Arthur Calwellhttp:/www.fact-C

6、aroline ChisholmBorn 1808, EnglandDied 1877Caroline Chisholm arrived in Australia in 1838 and set up a home for other women who had come to live here. She worked to improve life on the ships bringing people to Australia to start a new life and started a loans plan to bring poor children and families

7、 to Australia. She arranged free trips so that the families of convicts who were transported to Australia could come to join them.Captain CookBorn 27 October 1728, Marton, Yorkshire, EnglandDied 14 February 1779, clubbed and stabbed to death by the not-so-friendly natives in HawaiiJames Cook was app

8、ointed in 1768 to command HM BarkEndeavour, to carry scientists to the South Seas on observe the transit of Venus across the sun (due to occur in 1769), and to explore the South Pacific for the Great South Land that was believed to exist (referred to as New Holland, as Dutch explorers had claimed to

9、 have sighted the west and north coasts). After the scientists Venus observations were completed, Cook charted the New Zealand coastline, and then sailed westward to find the east coast of New Holland (Australia). Land was sighted on 20 April 1770 at what was named Point Hicks, then he sailed north,

10、 landing at Botany Bay, set sail again, and then landed on Possession Island on 22 August 1770 where he formally claimed the whole east coast for Britain, naming it New South Wales.John CurtinBorn 1885, Creswick, VictoriaDied 5 July 1945, Canberra, ACTAustralias wartime Prime Minister. Was elected s

11、ecretary of the Timber-Workers Union in Victoria in 1911. In 1916, when Billy Hughes was trying to introduce conscription, Curtin became secretary of the Victorian Anti-Conscription Campaign Committee and was sentenced to three months jail for his speeches in opposition to conscription; although, af

12、ter an appeal, he was released having served only three days of his sentence. Curtin entered Federal Parliament as the Member for Fremantle in 1928; and formed a Labor Government in 1941 that governed Australia through the rest of the Second World War. Curtin argued with Churchill for the sending of

13、 Australias forces back to New Guinea to fight off successfully the Japanese thrust (until the United States could mobilise for the drive back to Japan), and he battled (unsuccessfully) with both Churchill and Roosevelt to have the Pacific war against the Japanese given the same priority as the Euro

14、pean war against the Germans. While his Government reorganised the war effort and provided Australia with its own aircraft, guns, tanks, munitions and soldiers, they also arranged widows pensions, unemployment benefits, as well as planning an Australian Government airline and a system of free hospit

15、als. Curtin did not live to see the end of the war or to see his post-war reconstruction policies come to fulfilment, as he died in July 1945. Curtin is regarded as one of the greatest Australian Prime Ministers.Daniel DeniehyBorn 16th August 1828, Sydney, NSWDied 22nd October 1865, Bathurst, NSWDan

16、iel Henry Deniehy was elected to the NSW Legislative Assembly in 1857 and 1860, with his main aim to open up public lands to the working class. He helped form the New South Wales Electoral Reform League, in order to push for greater democracy. He also founded his own newspaper in 1859, theSouthern C

17、ross, to review public affairs, foster national sentiment, and work towards the federation of the colonies.See:Daniel Deniehy: Republican Patriot.au/natinfo/1deniehy.htmC.J. DennisBorn 7 September 1876, Auburn, South AustraliaDied 22 June 1938, MelbourneC.J. Dennis, poet and journalist, was popular

18、in Australia for his down-to-earth works, written in the vernacular of the times. In 1913 Dennis published a volume titledBackblock ballads and other verses, but it was not a financial success. Immediate success was achieved withThe Songs of a sentimental bloke, a love story written in slang, which

19、was published in October 1915; three editions were required in 1915, nine in 1916, and by 1976 fifty-seven editions had been published in Australia, England, Canada, and the USA.See: Perry Middlemiss site re.C.J. Dennishttp:/www.middlemiss.org/lit/authors/denniscjMary GilmoreBorn 1864 (Mary Cameron)

20、, Cotta Walla (near Goulburn), New South WalesDied 1962Mary Gilmore was a teacher and writer. She was the editor of the womens pages of the AustralianWorkernewspaper for 23 years. She joined William Lanes New Australia utopian experiment settlement in Paraguay, and married William Gilmore there in 1

21、897 (they both returned to Australia in 1902). A well-known Australian poet, her most popular piece is No Foe Shall Gather Our Harvest.Ned KellyBirth date unknown, commonly believed to be between November 1854 and January 1855, at Beveridge (25 miles north of Melbourne), VictoriaDied on the 11th Nov

22、ember 1880, hung at Melbourne Gaol, VictoriaNed Kelly is Australias most famous bushranger. Said to have been forced into bushranging by the police, who were looking to shoot him, he and his gang robbed banks rather than robbing common folk. The Kelly gang had many active supporters and a wide follo

23、wing, and he made plans for the establishing a Republic of North Eastern. Ned was captured at Glenrowan, and was tried at Melbourne, where he was sentenced to death by hanging.See:Ned Kelly: Australian Iron Outlawincl.a history of the Kelly GangThe men of Kokoda - the saviours of Australia1942The Ne

24、w Guinea campaign, which included Milne Bay and was typified by the Kododa Track, is seen as a defining moment in Australias history. This was where the preceived invincibility of the Japanese Army was first seen to be broken. The courage and heroism of our troops on the Kokoda Track is one of the p

25、roudest and and most memorable episodes in Australias wartime history.See:The Kokoda Track Memorial Walkway.auincl. an impressivemap & sectional diagram of Kokoda Track.au/stations/map.htmlSee:Battle For Australiahttp:/www.battleforaustralia.org.au/kokoda1.htmlThe Lambing Flat Rebellion1861The Lambi

26、ng Flat Rebellion was a series of violent anti-Chinese demonstrations that took place around the Lambing Flat (now Young) area of New South Wales. The Miners Protective League demanded parliamentary representation, protection of industry, and the expulsion of the Chinese. It has been said that it wa

27、s this rebellion that was the starting point for the eventual White Australia Policy at Federation.Jack LangBorn 21 December 1876, Sydney, NSWDied 27 September 1975, Auburn, NSWJohn Thomas Lang (familiarly known as Jack, and nicknamed The Big Fella) was Treasurer in the NSW Labor government of 1920-

28、21, and Premier and Treasurer of the State twice (1925-27 and 1930-32). His first term brought many significant innovations, including child endowment, widows pensions, increased workers compensation rates, reversion to the 44-hour week, abolition of secondary school fees, and votes for all in local

29、 government elections. Langs second term, which coincided with the worst years of the Great Depression, ended with the dismissal of his government by the State Governor (Sir Philip Game). Langs dismissal arose from his refusal to pay interest on government loans borrowed from financiers in the Unite

30、d Kingdom at the height of the Great Depression.John Dunmore LangBorn 1799Died 1878The Rev. John Dunmore Lang was, besides being a minister of religion, a republican orator, writer and political organizer, who campaigned for a republic in the 1840s and 1850s, putting forward his plan for a United St

31、ates of Australia, the great republic of the Southern Seas. Lang lobbied for the end of transportation, which he saw as an endless conduit of iniquity pouring into the Colony.See:John Dunmore Lang - Patriot, Republican, Statesman, Evangelical, & Engima.au/gsmunro/TEXT/essays/Lang.htmlSee:John Dunmore Lang Bicentenary 1999http:/www.emmanuel.uq.edu.au/Lang/