79年级英语基础语法及练习.docx

1、79年级英语基础语法及练习1. 可数名词2. 不可数名词7-9年级英语基础语法及练习一名词：在句子中作主语和宾语：它分两大类：3. 可数名词分单数和复数：a book一本书two books两本书, an egg一个鸡蛋three eggs3个鸡蛋, a bag一个书包- eight bags8个书包，a box一个盒子_eight boxes 8个盒子, an orange一个橘子_nine oranges9个橘子等。名词上2以上就要变复数。名词复数的变化规则有6种变法：（1）一般情况加s：bags, girls（2）以s,x,sh,ch结尾的加es：boxes, buses,（3）以辅音字

2、母+y加结尾的单词变y为i加es：family_families, baby_babies。（4）以元音加y结尾的加s: boys, toys（5）以f或fe结尾的变它为v加es: knifeknives,leaf_leaves (6)以辅音加o结尾的（除照片单词photos以外）加es: tomato-tomatoes, potato-potato (7) 以元音加o结尾的加s: radio-radios收音机, （除photo-photos照片外）How many多少+名词复数: How many people are there in your family?你家有多少人? How ma

3、ny desks can you see in the classroom?你能看见教室有多少人?不规则名词复数要记住：替换元音字母名词单数名词复数汉语意思footfeet脚manmen男人womanwomen女人单复数相同sheepsheep绵羊ChineseChinese中国人peoplepeople人民，人JapaneseJapanese日本人其它形式mousemice老鼠child 孩子children孩子们GermanGermans德国人AmericanAmericans美国人2.不可数名词：记住不可数单词：(1)hair头发, fish鱼肉,chicken鸡肉, rice饭, ju

4、ice果汁,milk牛奶, water水,bread面包,food食物，beef牛肉，meat肉,newspaper报纸, news新闻等。(2)它前面不能用a, an以及two, four等数词来修饰。但可以在它前面加some一些, any一些, no没有, a little一点,much许多, a glass of一杯: some water一些水, a cup of一茶杯， a piece of 一块（片.）举例: no milk, a glass of juice, two glasses of juice, a cup of tea, three cups of tea. four

5、pieces of bread，(3)How much(多少)+不可数名词：How much water is there in the glass?杯子里有多少水？(4)不可数名词作主语时谓语动词是单数形式。My hair is long.我的头发是长的. There is little milk in the glass.杯子里没有牛奶。 4. 可数名词练习：toy_ family_ box_ farmer_ worker_ bed_ wall_ bus_ knife_ bag_ leaf_ fish_ bike_ watch_ baby_ potato_ photo_ radio_ he

6、ro_ tomato_ orange_ apple_ book_ lake_ machine_ mouse_ Chinese_ American_5. 写出英语意思：一个蛋（ ），3个橙子（ ），5个学生（ ），8个苹果（ ），12辆公共汽车 二代词：它分为三类：人称代词：第一人称，第二人称，第三人称人 称代词主格单数代词主格复数宾格单数宾格复数第一人称I weme us第二人称you youyou you第三人称he theyhim themsheheritit注明：（1）人称代词主格单数，复数在句子中作主语。举例：He is a student. They like red（2）宾格在句子

7、中作动词和介词的宾语。举例：This is a baby. She looks after him. We want them to visit us.指示代词：this, these; that, those它用来指示或表示人或事物的词。（1）在句子中可以独立作主语。举例：This is an egg. Those are photos.（2）修饰名词，放在名词前面构成短语在句子作主语或宾语。举例：These apples are mine. That car is Michaels.物主代词：类别第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数我的我们的你的你们的他（她,它）的他（她它）们

8、的形容词词性的物主代词myouryouryourhis, her, itstheir名词性的物主代词mineoursyoursyourshis, hers, itstheirs注明：（1）形容词词性的物主代词在句子中修饰名词，作定语。它放在名词前面。举例：Her bag is in the desk. Your jackets are on the desk.（2）名词性的物主代词在句子中不修饰任何词性，独立存在，在句子中作1.主语，2.表语，3.宾语。举例：1.This is my coat. Yours is in the desk. 2.These trousers are mine.

9、3. This is a photo of hers.代词的练习：1. He is looking after _( I) 2._ are students of Grade 3.(them). 3.These are _books(they),_ are on the desk.( we)6. _( 这 )is a photo of _(她的 ),_( 那 ) is _(我的)。7. （这些）are _他们的chairs, _那些are _你们的.三.冠词:它分为不定冠词a,an,和定冠词the. 不定冠词有两个形式，即a和an。a用在以辅音音素开头的词前，如a book; an用在以元音音

10、素开头的字母前，如an apple. a或an与可数名词单数连用，泛指某类人或某物中的一个。 它用在名词前帮助说明名词所表示的人或事物如a book; 它用在序数词前the first第一,the second第二,the fifth第五，用在形容词与副词的最高级前the tallest最高,the most interesting最有趣. 举例:1.a bed, a desk, a banana, a cat.2. an egg, an apple, an orange, an English book 3.the boys, the desk, the girls, the bags (1

11、)Whos the girl over there? (2)Give the caps to the students. (3) I have an apple. The apple is red. I like it very much. 冠词的练习：1.There is _ orange under the tree. _ orange is orange. 2. _ teacher is coming. 3. I live on _ tenth floor.My 4. _sixth boy is my brother. 5.He is _ tallest in the class. 6.

12、 Jim runs _ slowly in our team. 7. I can see _ bird, _ bird is singing in the tree.四.名词的所有格: (表示“的”意思,用于有生命力的东西“的”)相当于形容词,它修饰名词,放在名词之前.它有2种变化形式:1.一般情况的名词打+s: Janes bag简的书包, Kangkangs book康康的书.2. s结尾的单词打: the studentsbooks学生们的书, the teachersdesks老师们的书桌.parentsdaughter父母亲的女儿. 它们在句子中的运用举例:1.This is Jan

13、es bag.这是简的书包. 2.Those are the studentsbooks那些是学生的书. 3.I am my parentsdaughter我是父母亲的女儿.2 无生命力的东西的“的”用of来表示: a photo of my family我家的一张照片, five photos of my family我家的五张照片. the desks of the classroom教室的课桌, the color of the shoes这些鞋的颜色.a photo of hers她的一张照片, a photo of mine我的一张照片。它们在句子中的运用举例:1.These are

14、 five photos of my family这些是我的五张家庭照片. 2.I dont like the color of the shoes at all我一点也不喜欢这鞋的颜色.3.This is Jims bag这是吉姆的书包.Thats Lucy and Lilyroom那是路茜和利利的房间。名词所有格的练习: 1.Thats _(Jane) desk. This is _(Li Ping).2. Take the exercise_books to the _(teachers) desk.3. These are photos _( Tom and Jim),those ar

15、e _(Mike).五.句子的种类: (共4类)种类作用例句1陈述句(包括肯定句和否定句)用来说明事实或说话人的看法She is a student.He doesnt like the cat at all.2.疑问句(包括一般问句,特殊问句)用来提出问题Do you like red? Is she singing nowWhere does your father work?3.祈使句(包括肯定式和否定式)用来表示请求和命令Give the letter to Jane,please.Dont look at the bird.4.感叹句用来表达各种感情What a nice day i

16、t is!How cool the boy is!说明: 1. 祈使句句型结构: (1) 肯定式: 动词原形开头,没有主语.Open your books, please. Help him with English.(2)否定式:Dont+动词原形 Dont look at the blackboard,please.祈使句练习：1. Sit down,please改否定句. _ _down,please. 2.Dont open the door改肯定句._ the door,please. 3. You mustnt play on the road.改否定句 _ _ on the ro

17、ad.2.感叹句句型结构:(1)修饰名词用What,意思是多么:举例:What + a(an)+形容词+名词+主语谓语! What a beautiful girl she is! 她是多么漂亮的一位女孩啊!What nice clothes these are !这些是多么漂亮的衣服啊！What nice weather it is today!今天是多么好的天气啊！(2)修饰形容词用How意思是多么. 举例: How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语! How nice it is today!今天天气多么好啊! How big his eyes are!他的眼睛是多么大啊! How hard s

18、he studies!她学习多么努力啊！练习: 1.They work hard on the farm. _ _they work on the farm!2. She is a nice girl. _ _ _girl she is!3. It is bad weather today. _ _ weather it is today!( )1. What a friendly person _! We all like talking with him. A. is it B. is he C. it is D. he is( ) 2. _ swimming in this river!

19、 A. How great fun B. What great fun C. How a great fun D. What a great fun( )3. _ sad news it is! We must try our best to help them out of trouble. A. What a B. What C. How a D. How( )4. What _ fine weather we have these days!A. aB. theC. /D. an( )5. _ lovely day! Lets go for a walk. A. What B. What

20、 a C. How D. How a( )6. _ dangerous it is to ride on a busy road! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a六There be句型:(1)There be句型主要用以表达“某处有某人（某物）。”其基本结构为“There be某物（某人）某地”其中there是引导词，没有词义；主语是be后面的名词， be是谓语动词原形，在一般现在时中be用am，is和are三种形式。下面这首歌诀可帮你巧记there be句型结构：There be放句首，主语跟在后。某地放句末，强调置前头如：There is a book

21、on the desk. 有时为了强调地点，也可把介词短语放在句首。如：On the desk there is a book.(2)There be句型中的be动词如何确定呢？请先看看下面这首歌诀：Be动词，有三个，am，is还有are。“There be”真特别，不留am只留俩，那就是is还有are。要用is还是are，须看其后的名词是单数还是复数。若是单数或不可数名词用is，否则就用are。如：There is a tree behind the house.There is some water（水）in the bottle（瓶子）.There are some pears in t

22、he box.(3)注意：如果“be”后的主语是由and连接的两个或两个以上的名词，那么be的形式要遵循“远亲不如近邻”的原则。也就是说，“be”的形式是由与它最近的那个名词来确定的。若那个名词是单数或不可数名词要用is，是复数就用are。如：There is a book and some pens on the floor.There are some pens and a book on the floor. There be的句型结构有4个：1 肯定句There be+a,an+名词单数+地点。There is an egg on the table. There be+不可数名词+地

23、点。There is much water in the glass. There be+名词复数+地点。There are five buses on the road. 2 否定句：There be+not +名词单数/复数/不可数名词+地点。 There is not an egg on the table. 桌子上没有一个鸡蛋。There arent five buses on the road. 公路上没有5辆公共汽车。3 一般疑问句：Be +there +名词单数/复数/不可数名词+地点? Is there a bird in the tree? Are there any peo

24、ple in thr room?4 特殊疑问句：How many +名词复数+are there+地点? How many birds are there in the tree?树上有多少只鸟儿？ How much+不可数名词+is there+地点? How much water is there in the glass?杯子里有多少水？There be的句型结构练习：1.There is an English boy in the room. There _ an English boy in the room. _ _ an English boy in the room? _ _

25、English boy are there in the room?2. There is little meat on the plate. There _ _ little meat on the plate._ _ little meat on the plate? _ _ meat is there on the plate? 3. There are three girls in the classroom. _ in the classroom?1. There is a little bread on the plate. _ _ on the plate?七情态动词can= b

26、e able to,may,must,need,would,should的用法；情态动词+动词原形（do） 1肯定句： I can sing an English song. 2否定句： He can not dance. We cant swim in the river. 3一般疑问句：Can you play basketball? 4特殊疑问句：What can you see ing the tree? 情态动词的否定句结构： Can not=cant, may not, must not=mustnt, need not=neednt, would not=wouldnt, sho

27、uld not=shouldnt+动词原形（do） 其它的几种动词短语相当情态动词加动词原形的如下:had better表示最好+动词原形（do）had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。had better do sth 最好做某事had better not do sth 最好不做某事It is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat.Shed better not play with the dog.had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为本来最好。You had better h

28、ave come earlier. would rather表示宁愿+动词原形（do）would rather do sth 宁愿做某事would rather not do sth宁愿不做某事 would rather than宁愿而不愿。还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示宁愿、宁可的意思。If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay her

29、e rather than 带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?She didnt use to play tennis before she was fourteen.You ought not to have told her all about it.Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。 典型例题Tom ought not to _ me your secret, but he meant no harm.A.h